The Internet is becoming wireless

1. New Service and Architecture Requirements for the Future Internet: The Wireless, Mobile and Sensor Network Perspectivebased on the NSF WMPG report, Rutgers, Oct 2005CCW OCT 2005Mario GerlaCSD, UCLA

2. The Internet is becoming wireless • Laptop sales exceeded desktop PC sales in July 2003 • 2B mobile phones in use by the end of 2005 > ~1B Internet users >~0.5B networked PC’s …most new phones also have packet data capability • Overall, this means that by 2015, # wireless Internet terminals >> # wired! • Laptops, cell-phones, PDA’s, iPoD’s ~ 10x PC’s/servers • Embedded devices (sensors, actuators, RFID,…) ~ 10-100x PC’s & growing • This has important implications for network architecture, both wired and wireless: • Wireless access networks must scale and handle new types of devices (sensors, etc.) • The Internet, which was designed in the 70’s for wired PC-PC/server connections, needs to scale and evolve towards changing service needs

3. Wireless Internet Access Evolution MSC Internet Public Switched Network (PSTN) Mobile/wireless service enhancements Custom Mobile Infrastructure (e.g. GSM, 3G) BSC BTS WLAN Access Point BTS Infostation cache WLAN Hot-Spot VOIP Ad-hoc network extension CDMA, GSM or 3G radio access network VOIP (dual-mode) Broadband Media cluster (e.g. UWB or MIMO) Low-tier clusters (e.g. low power 802.11 sensor) Today Future?

4. Impact on Internet Architecture

5. Internet Architecture: Caveats • Previous attempts at upgrading of IP spec have not had the expected result: • IPv6 standardized but not widely deployed... • Little progress with end-to-end QoS in the Internet • Mobile IP for first wave of wireless needs not implemented • IP’s lowest common denominator (best effort datagram) also its greatest strength! • Earlier attempts at utopian new network architectures mostly ended in failure, in spite of technical merits • B-ISDN/ATM did not take off (...complexity, lack of organic growth model) • Significant standards activity and community endorsement not sufficient to launch new network architectures... • Problems with 3G wireless • This doesn’t mean that new networks aren’t needed, but architectures needed to encourage bottom-up transformation without loss of investment in legacy system: • Evolutionary strategies preferable • New approaches to protocol standards: hierarchies, modularity, open-source,.. • Economic incentives for deployment

6. Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change • Evolutionary approach • Design a new wireless, ad-hoc and sensor “low-tier IP network profile to be “compatible” with IP global network (e.g. IPv6, BGP routing, MPLS, etc.) • Identify critical hierarchy and core IP extensions needed and pass requirement to IETF, etc. • Evolve IP functionality via new RFC’s • As wireless service needs proliferate, new low-tier IP may replace current IP intra-network Border Router for IPv4 New Interface Spec IP Access Network (e.g. IPv4) GLOBAL INTERNET IPv6 extensions Border Router for IPw Border Router for IPw IP Wireless/Sensor Access Network (IPw) IP Wireless/Sensor Access Network (IPw) New Protocol Spec

7. Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change • Overlay approach • Design new wireless, ad-hoc or sensor access net to work across global overlay network • Specify and build new overlay networks optimized for wireless needs • May include concept of an “IP knowledge plane” accessible by overlay • If successful, IP is pushed down to a “layer 3-” service, while overlay is “3+” • Permits significant flexibility in advanced service features, but tight optimization of packet overhead more difficult due to IP encapsulation new knowledge plane? Border Router GLOBAL INTERNET IP Tunnel IP Access Network Overlay Net Gateway GLOBAL OVERLAY NETWORK new wireless-specific services Overlay Net Gateway Overlay Net Gateway New Wireless/Sensor Access Network New Wireless/Sensor Access Network New Design (non-IP)

8. Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change • Revolutionary approach • Specify a new “beyond IP” network optimized for mobile/wireless/sensor • Build a prototype nationwide network and offer it for experimental use • Use this network for emerging mobile data and real-time sensor actuator applications with demanding performance and efficiency requirements • Most radical, risks being marginalized by Internet evolution and legacy staying power Next-Gen GLOBAL INTERNET Border Gateway optimized for emerging needs including wireless-specific services New Designs (beyond IP) IP Access Network New Access Network New Access Network optimized for wireless, etc.

10. The NSF WMPG (Wireless Mobile Planning Group) Workshop Aug 2-3, 2005

11. NSF Wireless Mobile Planning Group (WMPG) Workshop - Rutgers Aug 2-3, 2005 • A group of about 30 researchers in the wireless area met at Rutgers (under the leadership of Ray Dipankar) to discuss: • Unique requirements posed by wireless mobile users • Potential impact on the Internet architecture • Experimental facilities required to explore the new Internet architecture solutions • A report was issued in October: “New Architectures and Disruptive Technologies for the Future Internet:Wireless, Mobile and Sensor Network Perspective” www.winlab.rutgers.edu/WMPG

12. The “wireless” requirements • Identify new requirements placed by wireless users on the Internet “network layer” • These new requirements may trigger a “redesign” of the IP stack (or more generally the way we do networking) • We were not concerned with SOLUTIONS at this point • Questions to be addressed: • What is the wireless scenario/application you are addressing? • What is the problem to be solved? • What are the new qualitative requirements on the network layer? • What is the impact of these innovations on user performance?

13. The wireless scenarios We identified three representative scenarios: • The individual mobile user, interacting only with Internet resources • The mobile “constellation”: the users equipped with several devices/interfaces, interacting with the Internet, with environment (instrumented user) and with each other (opportunistic ad hoc networking). This model applies to individuals while they walk, drive cars, fly planes, ride trains etc. • The “dynamic” pervasive sensor fabric”: this concept includes the traditional environment sensor fields as well as the mobile sensor fields (people, car sensor fabrics). This latter scenario is clearly connected with the instrumented constellation scenario

14. Wireless Service Requirements

15. Summary of Network Requirements and Architecture Challenges • 1. Naming and addressing flexibility • 2. Mobility support for dynamic migration of end-users and network devices • 3. Location services that provide information on geographic position • 4. Self-organization and discovery for distributed control of network topology • 5. Security and privacy considerations for mobile nodes and open wireless channels • 6. Decentralized management for remote monitoring and control • 7. Cross-layer support for optimization of protocol performance • 8. Sensor network features such as aggregation, content routing and in-network processing • 9. Cognitive radio support • 10. Economic incentives to encourage efficient sharing of resources

16. Wireless Requirements: Mobile Data • Fast growth of (conventional) mobile data terminals with wireless access link implies a need for new services on the Internet: • Terminal mobility (authentication, roaming and dynamic handoff)…mobile IPv6 • Multicasting …IP multicast • Security …e.g. protection against AP spoofing • Efficient transport layer protocols (..non TCP) • Major topic in research & standards during 90’s, but limited use.. INTERNET Roaming, handoff Access Point (AP) High packet Error rate Mobile data terminal mobility Radio multicasting

17. Wireless Requirements: Mobile P2P • P2P, 7DS, Infostations, etc. represent another emerging category of mobile applications on the Internet • Router mobility • Network may be disconnected at times …delayed delivery? • Caching and opportunistic data delivery …. In-network storage • Content- and location- aware data delivery Internet Mobile Infostation Low-speed wide-area access Infostation Data Cache Opportunistic High-Speed Link (MB/s) Opportunistic High-Speed Link (MB/s) Ad-Hoc Network Infostation cell Mobile User Roadway Sensors

18. Wireless Requirements: Ad-Hoc Nets • Ad-hoc nets with multiple radio hops to wired Internet useful for various scenarios including mesh 802.11, sensor, etc. • Discovery and self-organization capabilities • Seamless addressing and routing across wireless-wired gateway • Geographic routing options • Support for end-to-end cross-layer protocol approaches where needed • Privacy and security considerations Best sensor-to-mobile path via wired network (needs unified routing) Wired Internet IP-Ad-hoc Net Protocol Conversion Gateway Wireless link with varying speed and QoS Access Point Local Interference and MAC Congestion Ad-Hoc Network Sensor Relay Node Dynamically changing Network topology

19. Wireless Requirements: Sensors • Sensors and actuators with size/power constraints • Limited CPU processing & memory (?) • Communication speed may be low • Intermittent connectivity (power saving modes) • Relatively unreliable components • Very different application requirements • Important new paradigm, since # sensors potentially in the billions • Protocols & system designs still at an early stage • First sensor nets for simple measurement applications • More complex “closed-loop” sensor/actuator in future MIT DVS UC Berkeley MOTE

20. Sensor Applications: Highway Safety • Sensors in roadway interact with sensor/actuator in cars • Opportunistic, attribute-based binding of sensors and cars • Ad-hoc network with dynamically changing topology • Closed-loop operation with tight real-time and reliability constraints

21. The Experimental Facilities

23. Experimental Infrastructure for Future Wireless Network Research • Techniques for Flexible Experimental Wireless Networks • Virtualization of Wireless MAC • Cognitive Radio • Wireless Network Monitoring and Measurement • Measuring and characterizing mobility. • Measuring heterogeneous networks overlapping in space. • Measuring cellular and DTN networks. • Cooperative sharing of measurements • Wireless Network Repository • Emulation and Simulation Testbeds for Wireless • Wireless Networking Platforms • Platform Software and End-to-End Architecture

24. Experimental Infrastructure for Future Wireless Network Research (cont) • Wireless Network Repository • Emulation and Simulation Testbeds for Wireless • Wireless Networking Platforms • Platform Software and End-to-End Architecture

26. Virtualized Multi-MAC

27. Experimental Wireless Networks

28. Integration of Existing Testbeds

29. Ad Hoc Mesh Networks

30. Summary of Recommendations • Recommendation 1: the Internet will undergo a fundamental transformation over the next 10-15 years; invest in research programs aimed at creating necessary technical foundations. • Recommendation 2: Increase research focus on central network architecture questions related to future mobile, wireless and sensor scenarios. • Recommendation 3: Invest in development of flexible wireless technologies and platforms necessary to implement programmable and evolvable experimental networks. • Recommendation 4: Fund development of large-scale experimental wireless networks for effective validation and competitive selection of new architecture and protocol concepts. • Recommendation 5: Encourage collaborative research that would result in end-to-end deployment and evaluation of future wireless/mobile and sensor networks and applications over the global Internet.

31. Examples of Research enabled by the new testbed platforms • Vehicle Grid Applications • Car Torrent • Ad Torrent • Car to Car Games • Vehicle Sensor Network

32. Co-operative Downloads: Car-torrent, Ad torrent Internet Vehicle-Vehicle Communication Exchanging Pieces of File Later

33. Car2Car Games: Game Server Architecture + Car-networking Scenario

34. Applications Monitoring road conditions for Navigation Safety or Traffic control Imaging for accident or crime site investigation Vehicular Sensor Network (VSN) 1. Fixed Infrastructure 2. Processing and storage Infostation Car to Infostation 1. On-board “black box” 2. Processing and storage Car-Car multi-hop

35. Thank you!