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www.cheniere.org. Sections of Discussion. Rin - Types of Cells Brittany - Introduction and Innate Immune Vanessa - Acquired Immune System Zoraida - Immunodeficiency, Autoimmunity, and Hypersensitivity Mai – Immunological Memory Sarah - History of Immunology Alisha - AIDS/HIV

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  1. www.cheniere.org

  2. Sections of Discussion Rin- Types of Cells Brittany-Introduction and Innate Immune Vanessa- Acquired Immune System Zoraida- Immunodeficiency, Autoimmunity, and Hypersensitivity Mai – Immunological Memory Sarah- History of Immunology Alisha- AIDS/HIV Shauna- Types of Cancers Conclusion

  3. Types of Cells

  4. T Cells • Helper T Cells bind to an antigen on the pathogen protein and grow and divide • Killer T cells bind to infected cells and kill

  5. B Cells B Cells bind to antigens and then copy. Mature clones make antibodies (Large Y shaped proteins with two antigen binding sites) Antibodies and antigens fit like locks and keys

  6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDYL4x1Q6uU&feature=related

  7. The Innate Immune System The Innate Immune System is defined as “nonspecific that is its defenses work against a wide variety of potential pathogens” Body parts that are associated and work with the immune system www.cancervic.org.

  8. Innate Immune System Barriers of the Innate Immune System Stomach- enzymes in stomach destroy pathogens when they are released to digest food Urine and bile- form of ridding the body of pathogens from the chemicals in there and the exiting of the body Tears- enzymes to kill bacteria Skin- 1.sheds as protective blocking defense so pathogens have a harder time to grip and get into the skin. 2. hair all over skin captures pathogens also around follicles there is a release of chemicals Mucous Membranes- in nose, ears, eyes also have hair in membranes to catch pathogens www.transferfactor-live.com

  9. Innate Immune system Inflammatory Response The Inflammatory response- is the process of protecting the injured area and fixing it. Releases histamines to make blood flow faster to injured site and have capillaries leak fluid. The fluid isolates the injury from the rest of the body to isolate the infection. Characteristics- swelling, redness(physical), innate immune system cells being sent to the injured site to repair and kill pathogens(internally) If the defense is not successful- puss will form. Puss is dead bacteria, cells, and tissue. www.biocarta.com

  10. The Adaptive Immune System Maria Vanessa Vasquez

  11. Definition • Acquired (adaptive or specific) immunity is not present at birth. Acquired immunity takes time to develop after initial exposure to a new antigen. As a person's immune system encounters foreign substances (antigens), the components of acquired immunity learn the best way to attack each antigen and begin to develop a memory for that antigen. Acquired immunity is also called specific immunity because it tailors its attack to a specific antigen previously encountered. Its hallmarks are its ability to learn, adapt, and remember. The acquired immune response is much slower than that of the innate immune system, usually taking 3 to 5 days to reach its full force.

  12. B Cells & T Cells • There are also two types of acquired immune cells B cells and T cells. Both of these cells are made in the bone marrow, but they each mature in different organs.

  13. B Cells & T Cells B Cells • B cells target pathogens in bodily fluids. • T cells target pathogens that are inside the body’s cells. T Cells

  14. Comparison • Innate Immunity • Not very specific responds to molecules that characterize a wide variety of pathogens, including types of carbohydrates, proteins, & nuclei acids • Response is immediate • No memory is retained of past encounters with pathogens • Several hundred different receptors • Acquired Immunity • Very specific, responds to antigens, most often portions of foreign proteins • Response is delayed, reaching a maximum 3 to 5 days after exposure • Memory is retained of past encounters with pathogens-subsequent responses are faster and more aggressive • Huge number of receptors-somewhere on the order of 10 million

  15. Vaccines expose the body to antigens of a particular pathogen. • Most vaccines contain dead or very weak strains of the pathogen or use only a part of the pathogen. • The acquired immune system responds to antigens in the vaccine much as it would to the real pathogen by making antibodies & memory cells. The next time the pathogen is encountered the acquired immune system is ready! Example: Vaccines

  16. References • Delves, Peter J. (2008, September). Acquired Immunity. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Merck & Co website: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec16/ch183/ch183c.html • Hewitt, Lyons, Suchocki, Yeh. Conceptual Integrated Science. 467-469. Pearson

  17. Immunodeficiency • Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. • Two forms of this disorder: • Primary immunodeficiency (PID) • Acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS)

  18. Autoimmunity • A misdirected immune response that occurs when the immune system goes awry and attacks the body itself. • “Self-Immunity” • Not contagious

  19. Hypersensitivity • a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to what is perceived as a foreign substance. • Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity • Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity • Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity • Type IV: Delayed Hypersensitivity

  20. Immunological memory

  21. Why do we have immunological memory?

  22. History of Immunology History & Historians

  23. The Royal Experiment on Immunity1721-1722 • Edward Jenner receives the credit for the development of the first effective immunization procedure to protect against an infectious disease (1798 - Published)

  24. Smallpox inoculation (involving the (usually) dermal infection of the subject with the wild virus, which most often resulted in a mild, transient illness that thenceforth protected the individual against more severe forms of the disease

  25. Antibodies • Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (PKH) • The Wassermann Antibody • Autoimmunity to Lens Proteins • Sympathetic Ophthalmia

  26. Transplantation • Rules already established by 1912 • Transplantation into a foreign species • Transplantation into unrelated members of the same species • Autografts • The first graft in the allergenic recipient • Recipient that has previously rejected a graft from the same donor • Close “blood relationship” between donor and recipient

  27. Nobel Prize • Emil Behring • Robert Koch • Elie Metchnikoff • Paul Ehrlich • Charles Richet • Jules Bordet • Karl Landsteiner • Max Theiler • Daniel Bovet • F. Macfarlane Burnet • Peter B. Medawar • Rodney R Porter • Gerald M. Edelman • Rosalyn Yalow • Roger Guillemin • Andrew Schally • Baruj Benacerraf • Jean Dausset • George Snell • Cesar Milstein • Georges F. Kohler • Niels K. Jerne • Susumu Tonegawa

  28. Reference • Silverstein, A. M. (1989). A History of Immunology. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.

  29. Immunological memory

  30. Why do we have immunological memory?

  31. HIV/AIDS AND CANCER

  32. WHAT IS HIV/AIDS Short for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. An infectious disease of the immune system caused by an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS is characterized by a decrease in the number of helper T cells, rendering the subject highly vulnerable to life-threatening conditions (as Pneumocystiscarinii pneumonia) and to some that become life threatening (as Kaposi's sarcoma) which causes a severe immunodeficiency that leaves the body susceptible to a variety of potentially fatal infections. The virus is transmitted in infected bodily fluids such as semen and blood, as through sexual intercourse, the use of contaminated hypodermic syringes, and placental transfer between mother and fetus.

  33. HIV/AIDS SYMPTOMS • THESE SYMPTONS MAY APPEAR TO BE LIKE FLU SYMPTOMS IN THE FIRST STAGES OF THE DISEASE. (FEVER, TIREDNESS, AND ENLARGE LYMPH NODES IN THE NECK). • AS YOU PROGRESS IN THE STAGES YPUR BODY BEGANS TO SHUT DOWN AND YOU BECOME WEAKER AND WEAKER.

  34. PIE CHART

  35. TREATMENT • THERE IS ACTUALLY NO CURE FOR HIV/AIDS BUT THERE ARE DIFFERENT MEDICATIONS THAT MAY HELP THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND KEEP THE DISEASE AT A LOW STAGE • THERE IS ALSO THERAPY

  36. TREATMENT CON’T http://www.avert.org/treatment.htm

  37. KAPOSI’S SARCOMA • a cancer of connective tissue characterized by painless, purplish-red to brown plaque like or pimply lesions on the extremities, trunk, or head, and sometimes involving the lungs, viscera, etc., occurring in a mild form among older men of certain Mediterranean and central African populations and in a more virulent form among persons with AIDS.

  38. KAPOSI SARCOMA TREATMENT • THIS TREATMENT DEPENDS ON WHAT TYPE OF KAPOSI SARCOMA YOU HAVE, THE GENERAL HEALTH OF THE PATIENT, WHETHER OR NOT THE CANCER HAS SPREAD, AND WHETHER OR NOT THE CANCER HAS BEEN DIAGNOSED.

  39. CANCER CELLS VS. NORMAL CELLS

  40. WHAT IS PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA • a pneumonia chiefly affecting immunocompromised individuals that is caused by a microorganism of the genus Pneumocystis (P. carinii ) which shows up in specially stained preparations of fresh infected lung tissue as cysts containing six to eight oval bodies, that attacks especially the interstitial and alveolar tissues of the lungs, and that is characterized especially by a nonproductive cough, shortness of breath, and fever

  41. SYMPTONS • COUGH (OFTEN MILD AND DRY) • FEVER • RAPID BREATHING • SHORTNESS OF BREATH

  42. TREATMENT • THERE AE DIFFERENT MEDICATION THAT CAN BE GINEN BY MOUTH OF THRIUGH THE VEINS THAT CAN KILL THE BACTERIA

  43. REFERENCE • https://health.google.com/health/ref/Pneumocystis+carinii+pneumonia • http://www.avert.org/treatment.htm • http://dictionary.reference.com

  44. Two Childhood Cancers Associated with the Immune System: Lymphoma & Leukemia

  45. Lymphoma • About 1,700 kids younger than 20 years old • No exact causes, but there are risk factors • Symptoms • Tests are run to see what areas of the body are affected by lymphoma

  46. Lymphoma Cont’d • Treatment is determined by staging • Four stages of lymphoma: Stage I – IV • Treatment=radiation and/or chemotherapy • Short-term and long-term side effects • There is a chance of relapse Patton, D., & Miller, R. E. (2007, June). Lymphoma. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/cancer/cancer_lymphoma.html#

  47. Leukemia • About 2,200 American young people • Just like lymphoma there is no exact causes, there are risk factors • Symptoms • A child may need certain tests to detect leukemia

  48. Leukemia Cont’d • Treatment depends on features of leukemia • Treatment=radiation and/or chemotherapy • Same side effects as treatment of lymphoma • Still a chance of relapse • Remission rate of up to 90% Miller, R. E. (2007, June). Leukemia. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/cancer/cancer_leukemia.html#

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