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Evidence -based management: Search for the best available scientific evidence

Evidence -based management: Search for the best available scientific evidence. The 5 steps of EBP. Formulate a focused question ( Ask ) Search for the best available evidence ( Acquire ) Critically appraise the evidence ( Appraise )

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Evidence -based management: Search for the best available scientific evidence

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  1. Evidence-based management: Search for the best available scientific evidence

  2. The 5 steps of EBP • Formulate a focused question (Ask) • Search for the best available evidence (Acquire) • Critically appraise the evidence (Appraise) • Integrate the evidence with your professional expertise and apply (Apply) • Monitor the outcome (Assess)

  3. 4 sources of evidence

  4. 4 sources of evidence ? Where & how to get scientific evidence?

  5. Searching evidence Where do we search?

  6. Articles in peer reviewed journals

  7. The way of the past …

  8. The way of the present …

  9. Online research databases Postgraduate Course • ABI/INFORM • Business Source Elite • PsycINFO • Web of Knowledge • ERIC • Google Scholar

  10. Comparing databases Postgraduate Course

  11. Searching evidence How do we search? Search Strategy

  12. Building blocks method Snowball method Search strategy Two types of search strategies

  13. Search strategy Three types of search strategies 1. Shotgun 2. Snowball 3. Building blocks

  14. 1. Shotgun method • Do a generic search on the Internet with the most important keywords from your PICOC (Intervention or Outcome). • Try to find out which related terms / words / subjects are being used and look for references. • The output of your search will be input for the snowball and building blocks method.

  15. 2. Snowball method Starting from one book or article, you search for other literature on the same topic. • Snowballing backward to older publications by finding out which publications were used by the author (see bibliography of book or article). • Snowballing forward to more recent publications by finding out how often that book or article has been cited by other authors (see Web of Knowledge or Google Scholar).

  16. Relevant PICOC terms Input for forward snowballing

  17. Synonyms or related terms • …. • …. • …. • …. • Synonyms or related terms • …. • …. • …. • …. • Synonyms or related terms • …. • …. • …. • …. AND AND OR OR PICOC term 2 PICOC term 3 PICOC term 1 3. Building blocks method

  18. 3. Building blocks: an example P= back office employees I = merger, integration, back office C= status quo O = economy of scale C = healthcare, different organizational culture, unequal • Underline the keywords • Number the order of importance from 1-4

  19. 3. Building blocks: an example P= back office employees I = 1. merger, 3. integration, back office C= status quo O = 4. economy of scale C = 5. healthcare, different 2. organizational culture, unequal • Underline the keywords • Number the order of importance

  20. Search terms Operationalise your Pico elements! O= long term profitability?

  21. Search with these combinations Thesaurus (su) OR Title (ti) When there is no thesaurus term available search with Title (ti) OR Abstract (ab) 1. su(“pay for performance") ORti("pay for performance”) 2. ti(”360 degree feedback”) ORab(”360 degree feedback”)

  22. 3. Building blocks: thesaurus The advantages of ‘subjects’ or ‘thesaurus terms’ • One single term for variations in spelling or synonyms (organization, organization, company, corporation) • The term is relevant (therefore, so is the article) • Automatic “Explode” function (narrower terms are automatically included) • Extra search options (subheadings, major topics, etc.)

  23. 3. Building blocks: thesaurus The disadvantages of ‘subjects’ or ‘thesaurus terms’ • Recent articles not yet indexed • “Index errors” • Sometimes there are no suitable subjects or thesaurus terms (new concept, specific term)

  24. 3. Building blocks: additional search Using the keywords from your PICOC may be sufficient, but always consider to do an additional search with: • synonyms • alternate spelling, translations • related terms / words / subjects • narrower or broader terms corporate culture: organizational character, corporate identity self steering teams: autonomous teams, self managed teams 360 degree feedback: multisource feedback, upward feedback,

  25. 3. Building blocks: search query • Search with #1 PICOC term (incl. alternative terms, synonyms, alternate spellings, truncations, etc.) in the thesaurus OR title or title OR abstract • Search with #2 PICOC term (incl. synonyms, etc.) • Combine the results of step 1 and 2 with AND using the search history

  26. 3. Building blocks: Boolean operators • AND = both terms (apples AND oranges) • OR = either one of these terms (apples OR oranges) • NOT = without this term (fruit NOT oranges) • NEAR = near this term (apples NEAR oranges) • * = replaces 0,1 or more characters (apple*= apple, apples, applejack, applejuice, applepie, etc.) • ?= replaces 1 character (organi?ation= organisation, organization)

  27. oranges oranges apples apples 3. Building blocks: Boolean operators apples AND oranges apples OR oranges

  28. 3. Building blocks: an example

  29. Merger • Fusion • Combination • Take over • Acquisition • Unification • … • Healthcare organization • Non profit • Not for profit • Corporate culture • Organizational behavior • Organizational character • Corporate identity • Core beliefs • Shared values AND AND 2. Culture OR OR 1. Merger 3. Health care Define keywords & related terms Intervention Comparison Context

  30. Start up

  31. Always search for thesaurus terms

  32. Always search for thesaurus terms

  33. Combining results Use the history function to combine results

  34. Combining results Use the history function to combine results

  35. Narrow your results

  36. Narrow your results

  37. Save your results

  38. 3. Building blocks: summary Formulate a focused question and break it down into keywords (PICOC), Underline the 2 to 4 most relevant keywords, Start with the most relevant keyword: is it listed in the thesaurus? If not: search with (title OR abstract). Repeat your search with alternative terms, synonyms or alternate spellings. Combine the outcome: (thesaurus OR title) + (title OR abstract) + (alternative terms) with OR (use the history function!) Repeat above steps for keyword 2 Combine the outcome of your search with keyword 1 and 2 with AND (use the history function!) Filter the articles with “studies” (subject > studies) Read the titles and abstracts of your results, select the relevant articles and safe them. TIP: No full text available in ABI/Inform or BS Premier? Try Google Advanced.

  39. Learning through play ! • Try all buttons • Make lots of mistakes • Have fun !

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