Introduction to Linguistics

1. Introduction to Linguistics Class #4 Brain and Language (chapter 2)

2. This is your brain! Adapted, in part, from Dr. Weigle’s classes

3. Structure of the brain • The brain is composed of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum

4. Frontal Lobe • Concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech and movement, emotions, and problem solving • Includes Broca’s area

5. Parietal Lobe • Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature and pain

6. Temporal Lobe • Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory • Includes Wernicke’s area

7. Occipital Lobe • Concerned with many aspects of vision

8. Lateralization • Some things that the brain does are lateralized: performed primarily by one hemisphere as opposed to the other • In the case of language, the dominant hemisphere is the left one (for the great majority of the right-handed people)

9. Lateralization • The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice-versa

10. Language in the brain • Broca’s area: organizing articulation; function words • Wernicke’s area: comprehension and content words

11. Aphasia • Language disorder resulting from brain damage caused by disease or trauma • Two different types: Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia

12. Broca’s aphasia • Speech output is severely reduced, limited mainly to short utterances of a few words • Vocabulary access is limited • Lack of syntax and diminished morphology • May understand speech relatively well and be able to read, but be limited in writing

13. Example of Broca’s aphasia Ah ... Monday ... ah, Dad and Paul Haney [himself] and Dad ... hospital. Two ... ah, doctors ... and ah ... thirty minutes ... and yes ... ah ... hospital.  And, er, Wednesday ... nine o'clock. And er Thursday, ten o'clock ... doctors. Two doctors ... and ah ... teeth. Yeah, ... fine.

14. Wernicke’s aphasia • inability to grasp the meaning of spoken words • easy production of connected speech • words may be meaningless neologisms • reading and writing are often severely impaired

15. Example of Wernicke’s aphasia Examiner: What kind of work have you done?– We, the kids, all of us, and I, we were working for a long time in the... You know... it's the kind of space, I mean place rear to the spedawn...

16. Wernicke’s aphasia

17. Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia? • “Goodnight and in the pansy I can’t say but into a flipdoor you can see it” • “Well… sunset…uh…horses nine, no, uh, two, tails want swish” • “Oh… if I could I would, and a sick old man disflined a sinter, minter.” • Words… words… words… two, four, six, eight, blaze am he.

18. Positron emission tomography

19. Language and brain development • Critical period: in general, research suggests that learning before the age of 7  perfect command

20. Multiple Intelligences Theory • Howard Gardner (1990s) • Traditionally  intelligence is inherited and largely unchangeable

21. Multiple Intelligences Theory • The eight intelligences: 1 – Linguistic Intelligence: capacity to use language to express what’s on your mind and to understand other people. 2 – Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: manipulate numbers, quantities, operations; use abstract relations 3 – Musical Intelligence: capacity to think in music, to be able to hear patterns, recognize them, remember them, and perhaps manipulate them. 4 – Spatial Intelligence: ability to represent the spatial world internally; perceiving and transforming visual or 3-D information; re-creation of images from memory

22. Multiple Intelligences Theory 5 – Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: capacity to use your whole body or parts of your body to solve a problem, make something, or put on some kind of a production (e.g., athletics of performing arts) 6 – Interpersonal Intelligence: understanding other people; sensitivity to the feelings, beliefs, moods and intentions of other people; 7 – Intrapersonal Intelligence: having an understanding of yourself, of knowing who you are, what you can do, what you want to do, how you react to things, which things to avid, and which things to gravitate toward. 8 – Naturalist Intelligence: human ability to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations).