1 / 30

CHAPTER 9

CHAPTER 9. CELLULAR RESPIRATION. CHAPTER 9: CELLULAR RESPIRATION 9-1 Chermical Pathways A. Chemical Energy and Food Food serves as a source for _________. 1g of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) releases _______ calories. calorie= We gradually release the energy of glucose and other

candice-emerson
Download Presentation

CHAPTER 9

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION

  2. CHAPTER 9: CELLULAR RESPIRATION • 9-1 Chermical Pathways • A. Chemical Energy and Food • Food serves as a source for _________. • 1g of glucose (C6H12O6) releases _______ calories. • calorie= • We gradually release the energy of glucose and other compounds (fats, proteins, and carbohydrates). • The process begins with a pathway called__________. • If oxygen is present, • If oxygen is not present, energy 3,811 the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1°C. glycolysis. glycolysis leads to cellular respiration (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain). (process = aerobic) glycolysis leads to fermentation. (process = anaerobic)

  3. Chemical Pathways Section 9-1 Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electrontransport • Alcohol • or • 2. Lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

  4. B. Overview of Cellular Respiration • Cellular Respiration= • Remember: the ____________ is the organelle known as the “powerhouse”- the site where energy is produced. • Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. • The equation for cellular respiration= the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. mitochondria 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

  5. ________ stores large amounts of energy. The cell can’t release all the energy at one time. It is too much for the cell to handle. • 3 main stages of cellular respiration: • 1. • 2. • 3. Glucose Glycolysis (glycol= sugar; lysis=break apart) Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

  6. Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose(C6H1206) + Oxygen(02) Glycolysis KrebsCycle ElectronTransportChain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

  7. Respiration: An Overview Section 9-1 Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm 2 2 34 http://scholar.hw.ac.uk/site/biology/activity3.asp

  8. C. Glycolysis= the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound. • This pathway does not require oxygen Prokaryotes depend on this process alone for ATP. Section 9-1 http://www.mcgrawhill.ca/school/applets/abbio/quiz/ch05/how_glycolysis_works.swf Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid PGAL (Phosphoglyceraldehyde) To the electron transport chain

  9. 1. ATP Production • Use__ ATP • Makes __ ATP • Net gain is __ ATP • NADH Production • NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an _____________. • NAD+ accepts electrons to make ______ (an electron carrier). • In glycolysis, ________ are produced. • NADH will carry its’ electrons to 2 4 2 Electron carrier NADH 2 NADH the electron transport chain.

  10. 3. Overall, Glycolysis produces 2 ATP “Net” (energy molecules) 2 NADH (electron carriers) 2 Pyruvic Acid (3-C sugars)

  11. 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport A. The Krebs Cycle (aka: Citric Acid Cycle) 1. Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) oxidation 2. Energy Extraction

  12. Hans Krebs • Named after __________. • Occurs in the Mitochondria (therefore this process only occurs in __________) • Krebs cycle= • Krebs cycle begins Eukaryotes process where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. when pyruvic acid enters mitochondria.

  13. 1. Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Oxidation • In this process, it produces the following for glucose: • - • - • - 2 acetyl-CoA (2-C sugar) 2 NADH (electron carriers) 2 Carbon dioxide (waste product)

  14. 2. Energy Extraction

  15. Acetyl CoA ( ) binds with a Oxaloacetic acid ( ) molecule to form Citric Acid ( )...Hence, the name Citric Acid Cycle. • Citric Acid is oxidized (by NAD+ and FAD) through a series of reactions that finally produces Oxaloacetic Acid again. • The Krebs Cycle runs __ times per Glucose molecule. (Once per pyruvic acid.) • This process produces (per glucose molecule): • - ___ NADH (electron carriers-go to ETC) • - ___ FADH2 (electron carriers-go to ETC) • - ___ ATP (energy-used by cell to do work) • - ___ CO2 (waste product- gets exhaled) 2-C 4-C 6-C 2 6 2 2 4

  16. B. Electron Transport (ETC)The Electron Transport Chain= process that uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production

  17. The Process: • Electron Transport • 1. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle deliver their • ________ and _______ to the matrix of the • mitochondria. • 2. NADH and FADH2 donate their high energy electrons • to the ETC. • NADH → NAD+ + + • FADH2→ FAD + + • (recycled) (go to intermembrane space) (passed to ETC) NADH FADH2 H+ e- 2H+ 2e-

  18. 3. Electrons are passed from carrier to carrier in the • inner membrane. • *(in prokaryotes ) • 4. At the end of the chain, ________ is the • 5. Oxygen uses the electron to the ETC is in the cell membrane Oxygen final electron acceptor. covalently bond with hydrogen forming water. (oxygen is reduced) Interactive link: Use ETS and Making ATP http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/Common/respiration.html

  19. B. Hydrogen Ion Movement 1. As the high energy electrons are transported down the chain, 2. It takes 3. The _____________ space becomes (+) positively charged. 4. The _______ becomes (-) negatively charged. their energy is used to push H+ from the matrix, through the inner membrane, to the intermembrane space. 2e- to move 1H+ intermembrane matrix

  20. C. ATP Production 1. Hydrogen ions return to the matrix through the enzyme 2. As Hydrogen passes, the enzyme D. This process produces: - - ATP synthase. grabs a phosphate and attaches it to ADP to become ATP. 34 ATP water

  21. C. The Totals Per Glucose molecule ***note: each NADH produces __ ATP each FADH2 produces __ ATP 3 2 Click on ATP synthesis and play the first one only http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/electron_transport.htm cytoplasm 2 2 0 ------ Carbon dioxide matrix 0 2 0 Carbon dioxide matrix 2 6 2 Inner Membrane (Cristae) 34 0 0 water 36 10 2 -2 ATP (transport of pyruvic acid into mitochondria)

  22. D. Energy and Exercise (refer to activity sheet) E. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Energy Release Energy Capture Chloroplasts Mitochondria H2O and CO2 C6H12O6 and O2 C6H12O6 and O2 H2O and CO2 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2

  23. Section 9.3 Summary – pages 231-237 Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Food synthesized Food broken down Energy of glucose released Energy from sun stored in glucose Carbon dioxide taken in Carbon dioxide given off Oxygen taken in Oxygen given off Produces sugars from PGAL Produces CO2 and H2O Does not require light Requires light Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll Occurs in allliving cells

  24. 9-1 [continued...] Fermentation • What happens when oxygen is not present? • Fermentation= • The pyruvic acid can go through one of two types of fermentation: • 1. __________ Fermentation • Occurs in • Pyruvic acid + NADH → • Important to • ____ released causes bread to rise Anaerobic process release of energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis still occurs in the cytoplasm producing pyruvic acid. Alcoholic yeast cells and other microorganisms. alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ bakers and brewers. CO2

  25. 2. ___________ Fermention Lactic Acid Section 9-1 Glucose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid • Produced in our • Build up of _________ causes the • ______ is • Prokaryotes are used to make food because they do produce lactic acid. Some examples: • -cheese -kimchi -sour cream • -yogurt -sauerkraut -buttermilk -pickles muscle cells when oxygen levels are too low Lactic Acid burning feeling. NAD+ regenerated to keep running glycolysis.

  26. Chemical Pathways Section 9-1 Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen) http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/BiologicalSciences/Faculty/DMeyer/respiration.html

  27. COMPARISON OF FERMENTATION TO CELLULAR REPIRATION Lactic Acid Alcoholic Cellular respiration glucose glucose glucose glycolysis (pyruvic acid) glycolysis (pyruvic acid) glycolysis (pyruvic acid) carbon dioxide carbon dioxide lactic acid alcohol water 2 ATP 2 ATP 38 ATP

  28. California State Standards • 1g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide. • 1i* Students know how chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplasts store energy for ATP production.

  29. Warm-up Section 9-1 • What is cellular respiration? • Draw a picture of a cell and label where glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC occur. • What happens during the process of glycolysis?

  30. Warm up section 9-2 • What happens during the Krebs cycle. • How are high energy electrons used by the electron transport chain? • What pathways are taken by pyruvic acid if oxygen is not available?

More Related