主讲：秦荻辉 教授

1. 西安电子科技大学 第五章 各类从句 主讲：秦荻辉教授

2. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 1、两个句型的译法 （1）“…not…until～”→ “直到～后才……” The machine will not workuntilit receives a signal .

3. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 （2）“…before～”→ “直到 ……后才～” The body will move on for some distancebeforeit stops. Something must be done to the amplified（放大了的）signalsbeforethey are sent to the transmitting antenna（发射天线）.

4. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 The values of most things must be converted（转变）from decimal（十进制）to binary（二进制）beforecomputations can begin. ***Bohr kept the manuscript（手稿）locked（锁）in his desk for almost two yearsbefore deciding to send it in for（交付）publication.

5. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 2、“once”的不同词类和译法 This signal is used to trigger（触发）the gate（门电路）once . Communicating via（通过）satellite is no longer the novelty（新奇事）it once was.

6. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 Oncestarted, the machine will be able to work automatically. 小结： （1）作副词：“一次”、“曾经”。 （2）作从属连接词：“一旦”。

7. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 3、“while”当从属连接词时的不同词义 While it is recording each purchase（买卖）, the computer is also checking（检查）the store’s（商店的）inventory（库存量）for reordering（再订购） purposes.

8. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 Even if no current is flowing, the voltage is therewhile the generator（发电机）is operating. The book has potential energy（势能）while it is on the desk top（桌面）.

9. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 While there has been an enormous（巨大的）amount of literature（文献）about ATM（异步传输模式）over the past two years, many networking（建网）books have not focused（侧重讲）on ATM itself. Transistor Q1 is onwhile transistorQ2 is off.

10. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 While energy is the capacity to dowork, power is the quantity of work in unit time. 小结： （1）表示“当……时候”、“在……期 间”。[从句多为进行时态]

11. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 （2）表示“虽然”。[从句一般处在主句前；有时在主句的主谓之间] （3）表示“而”。[从句与主句的句型一般是相同的。从句一般处在主句后；但为了强调，从句也可处在主句前]

12. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 4、“as”作从属连接词的不同词义 As the current flows, energy from the battery goes to the resistance. As the usage（使用）of the Internetincreases, its scarcity（缺少）of built-in（内在的）security（安全措施）becomes more and more of a problem .

13. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 The force of gravitational attraction（万有引力）between two bodies decreasesas the distance between them increases. As air has weight, it exerts（施加） force on any object immersed（浸沉）in it. Electrons move round the nucleus justas the planets move round the sun.

14. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 This machine works as wellas that one (does) . Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller units. 小结： （1）表示时间： ① “当……时候”。[主从句两动作一般同时进行]

15. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 ② “随着”。[在从句中有表示变化的动词，主要有change, vary, increase, decrease, rise, fall等] （2）表示原因：“因为；由于”。[一般只能从整句的含义来判别] （3）表示方式：“如同”、“像……一样”。 [往往在“as”前有程度副词just,exactly, much,somewhat]

16. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 （4）表示比较：“如……”[“as…as”同等比较句型中的第二个“as”] （5）表示让步：“虽然”[从句的一部分（在科技文中主要是从句的表语）一定要倒置在“as”之前]

17. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 5、“provided (that)”= “if” The current through a conductor is directly proportional to（正比于）the potential difference（电位差）across it provided there is no change in the physical conditions of the conductor.

18. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 The amount of deformation（形变）is directly proportional to the applied stress（应力）provided the force does not exceed（超过）a certain limit（限度）. 6、在科技文中有时“such that”= “so that”[“因此”]的用途

19. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 With the cell（电池）of EMF E2 in place of（代替）the first cell，a new balance point is found such that AC = L2 . Now we suppose that L1 and L2 approach infinity（无穷大）such that the turns ratio（匝数比）remains constant.

20. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 instant moment 7、the =as soon as “一当；在……时” each every time = whenever “每当；每……一次”

21. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 It is not always necessary to replace a set of belts（皮带）the instant one breaks（断）or becomes too badly worn（磨损）for use. Without a good deal of friction（摩擦）, a screw jack（千斤顶）under load（负荷）would simply（就）unwind（松开）the moment the applied force was released（释放）.

22. 西安电子科技大学 §5.1 状语从句 Every timeyou turn on your phone, you are asked to enter your PIN（个人密码—Personal Identity Number）.

23. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 1、一般情况 （1）公式 the this a/an O no 形容词 物主代词 + 某些抽象名词 + that从句[“that”在从句中无词义、无成分]

24. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 （2）译法 这一 的 ……” ① “～ The assumptionthat β = constantis often made to simplify analysis. R = r is the condition that powerdelivered（提供）by a given source is a maximum .

25. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 Here we have used the definition（定义）that acceleration（加速度）is the rate（速率）of change of velocity . 这一 以下的 ……：～ ② This account for（解释）the obser- vation（观察到的情况）that the resistivity of a metal increases with temperature.

26. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 The latter（后一）form has the advantagethat it can be extended（扩展）to complex quantities. ③ “动宾译法”：这时该“抽象名词”来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。

27. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 During the past several years, there has been an increasing [a growing] recognition [realization; awareness] within business（商务）and academic（学术的）circles（界）that certain nations haveevolved（发展）into information societies .

28. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 The main theoretical development in this decade（十年）has been in the recognitionthat material properties should be included in analytical models. This is equivalent to a statementthat everything is attracted by the earth.

29. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 A consequence（结果）of the discovery of electricity was the observationthat metals are good conductors while non-metals are poor conductors.

30. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 （3）几个句型： ① “there is evidencethat …”→ “有证据表明……” There is evidence that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.

31. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 ② “there is no doubtthat …”→ “毫无疑问……” There is no doubt that mercury（水银） is a metal .

32. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 ③ “there is every possibility that …” → “完全有可能……” There is every possibility that satisfactory results will be obtained.

33. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 2、由名词从句转变成的同位语从句（实际上在从句前省去了“of;about;on;as to”） ★The question now ariseswhether this series（级数）converges（收敛）. The reader may have no ideawhat this symbol stands for.

34. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 2 同位语从句 The users have no guarantee（保证）how long this kind of device will be operating.

35. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 1、一般情况 （1）引导词 ① 连接词：在从句中无成分 that → （无词义） whether → “是否” if →“是否”（只能引导宾语从句时用）

36. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 ②连接代词：在从句中要作某一成 分。科技文中常用的有： ★ what →“什么”、“……的 [内容；方向；情况；话；……]” which → “哪个 [本；枝；……]、哪些”

37. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 ③连接副词：在从句中一般作状语 when→“何时；……的时间” where → “何地；……的地点” why→“为何；…….的理由” how → “如何；……的方式[原理]”

38. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 （2）采用形式主语“it”的几个句型 ① “it is well known that …”→“众所周知，……” It is well known that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors. ② “it is clear [evident; apparent; obvious] that …” →“显然；很清楚……”

39. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 It is clear that this equation has two roots（根）. ③“it follows that…”→“（由此）得出[到]……；因此……” From Ohm’s law it follows that the current is directly proportional to the applied voltage.

40. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 ④ “it does not matter …”→ “……是没有关系的” It does not matter how the two numbers are added. ⑤ “it makes no difference …”→ “……是没有区别的” It makes no difference where the radiation（辐射）comes from.

41. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 （3）以介词开头的主语从句和宾语从句（≠ 介词宾语从句 [它是介词后的一个完整句子]） It does not basically make any differencein which direction an NPNtransistor is operated（运用）.

42. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 You must determinefor what valuesof x the following series（级数）is convergent（收敛的）. ***The potential energy of a body dependsuponwhere we choose the baseheight（基高）h = 0 to be.

43. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 2、“what-从句”（主要在汉译时对“what”这个词的处理问题） （1）普通情况 ① “what”是一个疑问代词，译成：“什么；哪个[本；…]”或“多大[表示尺寸、大小、数值]” It is necessary to understandwhatinertia（惯性）is.

44. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 It is necessary to find（求出）what that angle is. ②“what”是一个复合关系代词（what = the thing[s] that）：译成“的[话；情况；内容；东西；原因；方向；……]” What I have said aboveis not necessarily correct.

45. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 What this book deals withis very useful. Its actual（实际的）direction is opposite towhat has been assumed. Energy iswhat brings changes to materials. This is close towhat has been observed.

46. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 Gas takes the shape ofwhat is holding（存放）it. What a battery doesis to change chemical energy into electrical energy. The turning of the earth on its own axis iswhat makes the change from day to night.

47. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 The particular mix（混合）of these frequencies iswhat determines the pitch（音调）of a person’s voice. The simplified assumptions do not correspond towhat actually takes place in operation.

48. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 To compose（编写）a book of finite length（有限篇幅）, the material must be tailored（使适合）towhat the reader needs to know and already knows.

49. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 注：“what”的上述两种译法到底应采用哪一种，只能通过试探来确定。如： They don’t knowwhat we need. What we needis a computer.

50. 西安电子科技大学 §5. 3 名词从句 （2）几个特殊句型的译法 ①“what is called + 补足语”→译成“人们所说的[所称的；所谓的] + 补足语” 注：“called”可用“named; termed; described as; known as; recognized as; referred to as; spoken of as等”来替代，它们也可以是主动语态。