Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution Goals: Name economic conditions necessary Explain why these were “revolutionary” Identify transportation improvements Describe positives and negatives

2. What is it? • Industrial-work or labor related • Revolution-sweeping changes to current ideas/practices • Industrial Revolution-important changes to the way people worked • No longer making everything by hand-use of machines • Why was England the leader in this revolution?

3. Why England? • Natural resources in abundance • Coal, iron ore, rivers • Laborers • 1750-1800 50% increase in population • Improved farming • Potato-from America • English government forced farm workers off land • Enclosures for wealthy landowners • Capital • Wealthy people started new ventures & invested money in new factories

4. The Revolution Spreads • 1860-Germany was industrialized • 1870’s-United States was a powerful industrial country • Process continues today • Economists divide world countries into 2 categories • Industrialized-resources and capital needed • Developing-lack and industrial economy

5. Inventions • Steam engine improvements-James Watt 1773 • Steam engine that powered wheels • Flying shuttle-John Kay 1733 • Carries thread from 1 side to the other-improved cloth making • Spinning Jenny-James Hargreaves 1764 • Spinning wheel with 8 wheels instead of 1 • Spinning Mule-Samuel Crompton 1778 • Spin thread 150 miles long from 1 pound of cotton Cotton Gin-Whitney 1793-picked seeds from cotton 50 times faster than by hand

6. Mass Production • Whitney-made little money from cotton gin • Better gun manufacturer • Used to be made by hand-each was different • Whitney made parts that were identical • Those parts assembled alike-now parts can be replaced by anyone • Mass production-making large amounts of the same thing, usually identical • Less time to make things, less expensive to buy, more is produced

7. Steel • 1856-Henry Bessemer • Bessemer process- removed impurities from iron-produced steel • Stronger than iron and more flexible • Nations with large amounts of coal and iron began building steel plants • Germany-Ruhr Valley, England-North, US-Pittsburgh, PA

8. Transportation Improvements • Dirt roads-difficult to travel on • Telford & McAdam-2 layer and crushed stone roads • Canals-1st 1760’s in England, 1825 in the US • Coal easier to move & cheaper BUT expensive & needed water • Steam locomotive was answer

9. Steam Engine • Powered the steam locomotive • 1st engine for pumping water out of coal mines • 1763-James Watt improves it-to turn wheels • Textile machines used wheels-steam engine was a natural fit • Factories previously used water to power them but had to be near running water source • With steam engines-factories to be built anywhere • By 1800-over 500 engines were powering factories

10. Railroads • Stephenson-The Blucher • 30 tons at 4 MPH • 1829-The Rocket • 30 MPH • Become the most important form of transportation • Industry grew from need for rails, cars, and locomotives, workers to build them

11. Changes-Positive & Negative • England-the “workshop of the world” • Before 1750’s-most people stayed near home-rarely went more than 10 miles • England made over ½ the world’s cloth • England passed laws so technology & people wouldn’t leave the country and other countries industrialize • Prices of goods much lower & quality was better

12. United States • 1789-Samuel Slater memorized plans for a spinning machine • Snuck on a ship to the US-1793 built 1st thread-making machine in US • Lowell-in Mass. Provided schools & clean places to live-very few owner followed in his footsteps • Development of new power sources: • Electricity-Edison • Oil-gasoline-Gottlieb Daimler

13. Changes to Cities • Populations grew quickly • Unhealthy conditions- • Garbage filled streets • Whole families worked • Dangerous machines • No worker’s comp or doctors to help them • Labor unions grew