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COMMON NON-STRUCTURAL FAILURES

COMMON NON-STRUCTURAL FAILURES. State of Michigan P.A. 54 Approval # Pending Class Category: Specialty Registration Category: BI or Bo/PR but no inspector registration Hours Approved: 3 Instructor – Larry Pickel: Approval # 121. DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION RELATED FAILURES.

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COMMON NON-STRUCTURAL FAILURES

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  1. COMMON NON-STRUCTURAL FAILURES State of Michigan P.A. 54 Approval # Pending Class Category: Specialty Registration Category: BI or Bo/PR but no inspector registration Hours Approved: 3 Instructor – Larry Pickel: Approval # 121

  2. DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION RELATED FAILURES STRUCTURAL NONSTRUCTURAL • Relates to the primary structural framing system • Failure to carry or transfer imposed loads • Result is partial or total collapse of the structure • Primarily related to footings, foundations, beams, rafters, trusses and joists • Relates to either nonstructural or localized component elements • Failure results in additional hazards to occupants short of total collapse • Begin as problems, maintenance issues • Eventually may grow to become a structural failure

  3. STRUCTURAL NONSTRUCTURAL

  4. Many nonstructural failures will eventually become structural failures given enough time and lack of attention STRUCTURAL NONSTRUCTURAL Many nonstructural failures will remain so if addressed in a timely manner by competent personnel

  5. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING to CAUSES of NONSTRUCTURAL FAILURES LAPSES or CARELESSNESS Lack of proper coordination; general negligence; conscious risk taking IGNORANCE Lack of sufficient information; lack of competence; lack of supervision or precedent RISK ECONOMY In first cost; in maintenance UNUSUAL OCCURRENCES Earthquakes; extreme storms, fires; floods; explosions; sabotage Based upon: The Nature of Structural Design & Safety Blockley, D.I. Building Failure McKaig, Thomas H.

  6. RELATIONSHIP OF MAIN CODES DEALING WITH NONSTRUCTURAL FAILURE B 101.4.5 B 102.6 B 103.3 B 3401.3 & 3.2 IBC IPMC B 101.4.6 B 102.6 B 201.3 + IFC R 102.7 IRC R 102.7

  7. B 101.4.5 Property maintenance. The provisions of the International Property Maintenance Code shall apply to existing structures and premises; equipment and facilities; light, ventilation, space heating, sanitation, life and fire safety hazards; responsibilities of owners, operators and occupants; and occupancy of existing premises and structures.

  8. B 101.4.6 Fire prevention. The provisions of the International Fire Code shall apply to matters affecting or relating to structures, processes and premises from the hazard of fire and explosion arising from the storage, handling or use of structures, materials or devices; from conditions hazardous to life, property or public welfare in the occupancy of structures or premises; and from the construction, extension, repair, alteration or removal of fire suppression and alarm systems or fire hazards in the structure or on the premises from occupancy or operation.

  9. R 102.7 Existing structures. The legal occupancy of any structure existing on the date of adoption of this code shall be permitted to continue without change, except as is specifically covered in this code, the International Property Maintenance Code or the International Fire Code, or as is deemed necessary by the building official for the general safety and welfare of the occupants and the public.

  10. IPMC IFC 1 1 Administration Administration 3 3 General precautions Exterior /Interior 5- 6 6 PME Services / systems 7 7 Fire resistance rated construction Fire safety 8 Interior finishes CORRELATION OF PRIMARY CODE SECTIONS 9 Fire protection systems 10 Means of egress

  11. 1 PM CODE APPLICATION Administration IPMC: 101.2 Scope. The provisions of this code shall apply to all existing residential and nonresidential structures and all existing premises and constitute minimum requirements and standards for premises, structures, equipment and facilities for light, ventilation, space, heating, sanitation, protection from the elements, life safety, safety from fire and other hazards, and for safe and sanitary maintenance; the responsibility of owners, operators and occupants; the occupancy of existing structures and premises, and for administration, enforcement and penalties.

  12. 1 F Administration IFC: 101.2 Scope. This code establishes regulations affecting or relating to structures, processes, premises and safeguards regarding: 1. The hazard of fire and explosion arising from the storage, handling or use of structures, materials or devices; 2. Conditions hazardous to life, property or public welfare in the occupancy of structures or premises; 3. Fire hazards in the structure or on the premises from occupancy or operation; 4. Matters related to the construction, extension, repair, alteration or removal of fire suppression or alarm systems.

  13. 1 PM General 102.2 Maintenance Equipment, systems, devices and safeguards required by this code or a previous regulation or code under which the structure or premises was constructed, altered or repaired shall be maintained in good working order.

  14. CATEGORIES OF NONSTRUCTURAL FAILURES FAILURE of MATERIALS Wood, masonry & concrete FAILURE of ENVELOPE or COMPONENTS Roofing, ice dams, flashing, siding, EIFS FAILURE of SYSTEMS Plumbing, mechanical, electrical FAILURE of FIRE SAFETY MEASURES Occupancy, construction type, fire resistance, fire protection systems, means of egress

  15. CLASSIFICATION of ENGINEERING MATERIALS CERAMICS ORGANICS IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND Inorganic, nonmetallic, crystalline compounds Positive and negative ions in a stable arrangement Chemically inert High melting points Brick, tile, cement, stone, clays, gypsum, glass An organic, non-crystalline material Mutual sharing of outer valence electrons Bond easily altered by heat or force Low strength, low melting points Wood, plastics Mainly carbon + hydrogen atoms also known as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons arranged in long chains: Natural: wood, cotton, wool, silk Synthetic: thermoset & thermo plastic COMPOSITES Made of two or more materials from other groups Usually one material acts as a binder, one acts as a reinforcement Concrete, fiberglass, alloy steel METALS METALLIC BOND An inorganic substance made up of one or more metallic elements Close packed, crystalline structure Ions are stable within a dispersed “sea” Strong, high melting points Copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, tin

  16. COMMON NONSTRUCTURAL WOOD FAILURE WHITE ROT BROWN ROT INSECT DAMAGE Sometimes mistakenly referred to as “dry” rot – a misnomer since moisture is required for rot to occur OTHER

  17. MASONRY FAILURE of MATERIALS Ceramic material-clay or shale formed, dried and fired Extruded (stiff mud) – Major method of production All bricks have similar chemical compositions Clays all composed of silica and alumina with metallic oxides in varying amounts Brick construction considered homogenous. Bonded into integral mass by mortar, grout, steel. Behavior of the “combination” that determines integrity. Assembly more important than component. Interaction of materials determines performance.

  18. COMMON NONSTRUCTURAL MASONRY FAILURES CRACKING WALL MOVEMENT EFFLORESCENCE LOSS OF INTEGRITY

  19. MASONRY CRACKING “Nonstructural cracking” leads to structural cracking Cracking associated with thermal / moisture movement. Expansion contraction cycle. Stresses built up in walls that must be resolved. Wide variety of cracking patterns. Most common are vertical and horizontal shear pattern. Cracks typically open and close cyclically. Damage always left behind. Unit nature of masonry – lots of edges and surfaces. Inherent weak nature of the mortar / masonry bond.

  20. Typical shear failure modes, both vertical and horizontal. Vertical usually due to settlement. Horizontal due to wind or expansion/contraction cycles.

  21. Cracking associated with horizontal shear Between upper wall and wall entering the ground Differing rates of thermal expansion Cracks will take line of least resistance

  22. Vertical / diagonal cracking at end walls Usually due to thermal movement No tensile strength in wall to “pull” end wall along

  23. Classic 45° shear crack pattern radiating from atop a window lintel and near the end of the building

  24. Common thermal / moisture masonry wall crack

  25. Thermal expansion crack showing loss of vertical mortar integrity and opening for further damage

  26. Cracking associated with water penetration

  27. Cracks at or along areas near sills and lintels Can be due to use of dissimilar materials Can be due to poor detailing Can be due to loss of integrity of lintel itself

  28. 3 PM Exterior / Interior 304.2 All metal surfaces subject to rust or corrosion shall be coated to inhibit such rust and corrosion and all surfaces with rust or corrosion shall be stabilized and coated to inhibit future rust and corrosion. Oxidation stains shall be removed from exterior surfaces. Surfaces designed for stabilization by oxidation are exempt from this requirement.

  29. Thermal crack at mortar joint showing exposed reinforcing

  30. Cracking associated with rusting or iron/steel Corrosion of embedded metals creates rust Expansive force builds up on surface of metal Places pressure on surrounding masonry / displaces it

  31. Movement begun by rusting of shelf angles and lintels at perimeter of structure Rusted shelf angle

  32. Window lintel corrosion causing movement

  33. Rusting lintels causing a swelling of the surrounding brick surfaces

  34. MASONRY EFFLORESCENCE Efflorescence is a process. Visible as a crusty, white salt deposit leached to the surface. Requires presence of salt and moisture Salts are present in the mortar, bricks and blocks.

  35. Salts are carried to the surface and left behind after the evaporation of the water

  36. Efflorescence and water damage on brick steps

  37. Resultant loss of surface material due to excessive efflorescence and moisture movement

  38. Internal efflorescence and damage due to moisture migration

  39. MASONRY LOSS OF MASS INTEGRITY Unit masonry, mortar and reinforcement act as a unit and failure of any part usually results in subsequent failure of the assemblage. Localized failure areas caused by a variety of sources.

  40. Loss of integrity due to moisture migration and improper tooling of the joints

  41. Extensive loss of bond between brick and mortar. Hard, low suction brick; high cement mortars; improper tooling of the joints.

  42. Spalling and movement due to moisture penetration of the masonry wall

  43. CONCRETE FAILURE of MATERIALS 3 – 8 % Air Coarse Aggregates Cement 15 % 31 % Water Fine Aggregates 18 – 21% 28 – 30 %

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