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CHAPTER 7 Chemical Bonding

CHAPTER 7 Chemical Bonding. Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms Lewis Formulas for Molecules & Polyatomic Ions The Octet Rule Resonance Dipole Moments. Introduction.

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CHAPTER 7 Chemical Bonding

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  1. CHAPTER 7Chemical Bonding • Ionic Bonding • Covalent Bonding • Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms • Lewis Formulas for Molecules & Polyatomic Ions • The Octet Rule • Resonance • Dipole Moments

  2. Introduction • Ionic bondingresults from electrostatic attractions among ions, which are formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. • Covalent bondingresults from sharing one or more electron pairs between two atoms.

  3. Formation of Ionic Compounds 1s2s2p Li  F   These atoms form ions with these configurations. Li+same configuration as [He] F- same configuration as [Ne]

  4. Formation of Ionic Compounds • The Li+ ion contains two electrons, same as the helium atom. • Li+ ions areisoelectronicwith helium. • The F- ion contains ten electrons, same as the neon atom. • F- ions areisoelectronicwith neon. • Isoelectronicspecies contain the same number of electrons.

  5. Formation of Ionic Compounds 4s4p K [Ar]  Br [Ar] and the d electrons The atoms form ions with these electronic structures. 4s4p K+ same configuration as[Ar] Br- same configuration as[Kr]

  6. Formation of Ionic Compounds • Cations become isoelectronic with the preceding noble gas. • Anions become isoelectronicwith the followingnoble gas.

  7. Formation of Ionic Compounds

  8. Formation of Ionic Compounds • Notable exceptions are BeCl2, BeBr2, and BeI2 whichare covalent compounds. • One example is the reaction of Be and F2. Be(solid) + F2(gas)BeF2(gas)

  9. Formation of Ionic Compounds Be(solid) + F2(gas)BeF2(gas) 2s2p2s2p Be [He]   Be2+ F [He]   F- 

  10. Formation of Ionic Compounds • Draw the electronic configurations for Li, O, and their appropriate ions. • Li(solid) + O2(gas) Li2O(solid) 2s2p2s2p Li [He]   Li1+ O [He]   O2- 

  11. Formation of Ionic Compounds • Draw the electronic representation of Ca, N, and their ions. 4s4p4s4p Ca [Ar]   Ca2+ 2s2p2s2p N [He]    N3- 

  12. Formation of Ionic Compounds • Ionic compounds form extended three dimensional arrays of oppositely charged ions. • Ionic compounds have high melting points because the coulomb force, which holds ionic compounds together, is strong.

  13. Formation of Covalent Bonds • This figure shows the potential energy of an H2 molecule as a function of the distance between the two H atoms.

  14. Formation of Covalent Bonds • Representation of the formation of an H2 molecule from H atoms.

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