Learning Agents Laboratory Department of Computer Science George Mason University

1. CS 785, Fall 2001 Object Ontologies (Part 2 of 2) Gheorghe Tecuci tecuci@cs.gmu.eduhttp://lalab.gmu.edu/ Learning Agents LaboratoryDepartment of Computer Science George Mason University

2. Overview The object ontology for the COG domain 1 Ontology development tools/modules 2 3 Recommended reading

3. 1. The object ontology for the COG domain Disciple-RKF/COG identification agent The object hierarchy The feature hierarchy

4. Disciple-RKF/COG identification agent Agent taskIdentify strategic Center of Gravity (CoG) candidates for a military scenario. InputA description of a military scenario, such as the World War II invasion of Sicily by the Anglo allies, in 1943. Output Strategic CoG candidates for each opposing force and its members (e.g. Anglo allies, US, Britain).The agent will also provide a detailed description of its lines of reasoning.

5. The Center of Gravity (CoG) concept The center of gravity of an entity (state, alliance, coalition, or group) is the foundation of capability, the hub of all power and movement, upon which everything depends, the point against which all the energies should be directed. Carl Von Clausewitz, “On War,” 1832. If a combatant eliminates or influences the enemy’s strategic center of gravity, then the enemy will lose control of its power and resources and will eventually fall to defeat. If the combatant fails to adequately protect his own strategic center of gravity, he invites disaster.

6. Strategic COG candidates identified by the agent Identify the strategic COG candidates for the Sicily_1943 scenario The will of the Anglo_allies_1943 is a strategic COG candidatefor Anglo_allies_1943 which is an equal partner alliance The cooperation between the subgroups of Allied_forces_operations_Huskywhich conduct “combined and joint operations” is a strategic COG candidatefor Anglo_allies_1943 President_Roosevelt is a strategic COG candidate for US_1943 whichis a representative democracy and a member of Anglo_allies_1943 The “will of the people” of US_1943 is a strategic COG candidate for US_1943which is a representative democracy and a member of Anglo_allies_1943 Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943 is a strategic COG candidatefor US_1943 which is a member of Anglo_allies_1943 … Army_of_Germany_1943 is a strategic COG candidate for for Germany_1943 which is a member of European_Axis_1943

7. The object hierarchy Overall organization Scenario Forces and goals Economic factors Geographic factors Military factors Political factors Governing and controlling elements Civilization factors Other objects

8. Overall organization of the COG object ontology <object> Scenario Force Force_goal resource_ or_ infrastructure_element Strategic_COG_relevant_factor Strategic_ goal Operational_ goal Other_relevant_factor Demographic_factor Civilization_factor Psychosocial_factor Economic_factor Historic_factor Geographic_factor International_factor Political_factor Military_factor subconcept_of

9. Scenario <object> Scenario Force brief_description Sicily_1943 “WWII Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943” Opposing_force description “The Allied decision to invade Sicily following the successful operation in North Africa was a critical element of World War II [WWII]. The commitment of such a large force to continue operations in the Mediterranean theater meant that the cross-channel invasion of Europe would be delayed. American military leaders strongly favored the cross-channel invasion at the earliest possible opportunity. This meant giving this invasion force first priority for troops, shipping and equipment. The British favored an indirect approach that would see a major effort continue in the Mediterranean. The Allies settled on the Mediterranean approach at the Casablanca conference in January 1943 and began planning for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. Situated ninety miles off the north coast of Africa and two and one-half miles from the toe of the Italian peninsula, Sicily was both a natural bridge between Africa and Europe and a barrier dividing the Mediterranean Sea. It was an unsinkable air and naval fortress from which Axis forces interdicted Allied sea lines of communications through the Mediterranean. …” has_as_opposing_force Anglo_allies_1943 has_as_opposing_force European_Axis_1943

10. Forces Force Group Opposing_force Multi_state_force Single_state_force Multi_group_force Single_group_force component_state US_1943 Anglo_allies_1943 component_state Britain_1943 component_state Germany_1943 European_Axis_1943 component_state Italy_1943

11. Forces (continued) … Group Illegal_group Legal_group Legal_business_group Clan_or_tribe Military_group_or_clan Other_legal_group Military_group_or_unit Military_clan Para_military_group

12. Forces (continued) Illegal_group Other_illegal_group Profit_focused_illegal_group Purpose_focused_illegal_groups Hate_group Crime_gang Drug_cartel Separatists Terrorist_cell Religious_cult Crime_family Vice_ring Extremist_group Personality_cult

13. Force goals Force_goal Strategic_goal Anglo_allies_1943 has_as_strategic_goal Strategic_goal_of_Anglo_allies_1943 description “The strategic goals of the US-British alliance in 1943 were to defeat Germany first while containing Japan, to keep Russia in the war on the side of the Allies, and the eventual unconditional surrender of all Axis countries. To accomplish these goals, US leaders favored an early, direct attack into northern Europe. …” Operational_goal has_as_operational_goal description Operational_goal_of_Anglo_allies_1943 “The operational goals of the Allies were to secure sea lines of communications in the Mediterranean Sea, divert German combat power from the Russian front, and knock Italy out of the war. …”

14. Economic factors Economic_factor Commerce_ authority Other_ economic_ factor Raw_material Information_ Network_or_system Transportation_ Factor Industrial_ factor Strategic_ Raw_ Material Industrial_ authority Industrial_ Capacity Transportation_ Center Transportation_ Network_or_system Industrial_ Center Oil_chromium_copper_and_bauxite_of_Germany_1943 is_critical_to_the_production_of industrial_capacity_of_US_1943 War_materiel_of_Germany_1943 has_as_strategic_raw_material is_a_major_generator_of is_obtained_from has_as_industrial_factor war_materiel_and_ transports_of_US_1943_ Germany_1943 Balkans US_1943

15. Geographic factors Geographic_factor Geographic_center_of_power Place “The US has extremely long and external lines of communication. Some US forces deployed directly from the US for the invasion of North Africa and much of the shipping and naval forces for Sicily will come directly from the US for operation Husky.” Capital has_as_capital US_1943 Washington_DC has_as_other_geographic_center_of_power Cheyenne_Mountain description has_other_geographic_factor Geographic_factor_of_US_1943

16. Military factors Military_factor Composition_of_forces Other_military_factor Single_member_force Multi_member_force Single_state_force Single_group_force Multi_state_force Multi_group_force Multi_state_alliance Multi_state_coalition Multi_group_alliance Multi_group_coalition Dominant_partner_ multi_state_alliance Dominant_partner_ multi_state_coalition Dominant_partner_ multi_group_alliance Dominant_partner_ multi_group_coalition Equal_partners_ multi_state_alliance Equal_partners_ multi_state_coalition Equal_partners_ multi_group_alliance Equal_partners_ multi_group_coalition European_Axis_1943 Anglo_allies_1943

17. Military factors (cont.) Equal_partner_multi_state_alliance Single_state_force component_state Anglo_allies_1943 US_1943 component_state Britain_1943 Multi_group_force Group has_as_primary_force_element Allied_forces_operation_Husky has_as_subgroup US_7th_Army_(Force_343) has_as_subgroup Br_8th_Army_(Force_545) has_as_subgroup Western_Naval_TF has_as_subgroup Eastern_Naval_TF has_as_subgroup US_9th_Air_Force has_as_subgroup Northwest_Africa_Air_Force type_of_operations “combined and joint operations”

18. Military factors (cont.) Dominant_partner_multi_state_alliance Single_state_force component_state European_Axis_1943 Italy_1943 component_state Germany_1943 has_as_dominant_partner has_as_other_military_factors “…” Multi_group_force Group has_as_primary_force_element Axis_forces_Sicily has_as_subgroup German_Ground_Forces_Italy has_as_subgroup Italy_16th_Army has_as_subgroup German_Naval_Forces_Italy has_as_subgroup Italy_Naval_Forces has_as_subgroup German Air Forces Italy type_of_operations “combined and joint operations”

19. Political factors Political_factor Type_of_governing_body Controlling_element Other_political_factor

20. Political factors: type of governing body Governing_body State_government Group_governing_body Feudal_god_ king_government Other_state_ government Dictator Other_ group_ governing_ body Monarchy Deity_figure Government_ of_Italy_1943 Democratic_ council_ or_board Autocratic_ leader Theocratic_ government Totalitarian_ government Democratic_ government Chief_and_ tribal_council Police_ state Military_ dictatorship Representative_ democracy Parliamentary_ democracy Religious_ dictatorship Theocratic_ democracy Government_ of_Germany_1943 Government_ of_US_1943 Government_ of_Britain_1943

21. Political factors: Controlling element Controlling_element Controlling_leader Other_controlling_element God_king Other_ controlling_ leader Controlling_organization Monarch CEO Conventional_ law_enforcement_ organization Political_leader Secret_police Para_military_ group_leader Military_leader Controlling_group Ruling_political_party Religious_leader Clan_leader Religious_body Political_cabinet_or_staff Dominant_clan_leader Military_staff

22. Governing and controlling elements has_as_dominant_ psychosocial_factor Democratic_ government “will of the people” Representative_ democracy has_as_political_leader has_critical_role_in_setting_objectives_for President_Roosevelt … has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff Government_ of_US_1943 … has_critical_role_in_decision_making_for has_as_ruling_political_party has_as_primary_controlling_element_of … has_as_governing_body US_1943 has_as_dominant_psychosocial_factor Parliamentary_ democracy {“will of the people” “will of the parliament”} has_as_dominant_psychosocial_factor “will of the people” has_as_political_leader Winston_Churchill … has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff Government_ of_Britain_1943 has_as_ruling_political_party …

23. Governing and controlling elements (cont.) Political_leader has_as_political_leader Police_ state Adolph_Hitler has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff … has_as_ruling_political_party Nazi Party Government_ of_Germany_1943 has_as_military_leader … has_as_secret_police Gestapo has_as_conventional_law_enforcement_organization … has_as_other_controlling_element …

24. Civilization factors Civilization_factor Type_of_civilization Other_civilization_factor Pre_industrial_civilization Industrial_civilization Informational_civilization instance_of Civilization_of_US_1943 Has_as_civilization US_1943

25. Other objects <object> Resource_or_ infrastructure_element Strategically_essential_resource_or_infrastructure_element Raw_material Product Strategic_raw_material Strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel Farm-implements Strategically_essential_ infrastructure_element War_materiel_and_transports Main_airport Main_seaport Sole_airport Sole_seaport

26. The feature hierarchy Overall organization Informal descriptions Goals Component of Economic factors Controlling factors Geographic factors Other relevant factors

27. Overall organization of the feature hierarchy … … … … … <object_feature> D: <object> R: <object> informal_specification D: <object> R: any string has_as_type_of_civilization D: Force R: Type_of_civilization has_as_governing_body D: Force R: Type_of_governing_body has_as_opposing_force D: Scenario R: Force has_as_force_goals D: Force R: any string has_as_controlling_element D: Force R: Controlling_element has_as_component D: Force R: Single_state_force Group has_as_economic_factor D: Force R: Economic_factor

28. Overall organization of the feature hierarchy (cont.) … … <object_feature> D: <object> R: <object> has_primacy_in D: Controlling_element R: Force type_of_operations D: force R: {“independent operations” “joint operations” “combined operations” “combined and joint operations”} has_as_source_of_strength_and_power D: Force R: Strategic_COG-relevant_factor has_as_additional_relevant_factor D: force R: any string has_as_dominant_psychosocial_factor D: Force R: {“will of the people” “will of the parliament” “will of the religious body”} has_as_geographic_center_of_power D: Force R: Geographic_center_of_power has_as_primary_force_element D: Force R: Force has_as_dominant_partner D: force R: force

29. Overall organization of the feature hierarchy (cont.) <object_feature> D: <object> R: <object> is_obtained_from D: Product Raw_material R: Place is_a_major_generator_of D: Economic_factor R: Product produces D: Industrial_authority R: Product controls D: Economic_factor R: Resource_ or_infrastructure_element has_as_strategic_raw_material D: Force R: Strategic_raw_material is_critical_to_the_production_of D: Strategic_raw_material R: Product

30. Informal descriptions informal_specification D: <object> R: any string brief_description D: <object> R: any string description D: <object> R: any string documentation D: <object> R: any string

31. Goals has_as_force_goal D: Force R: Force_goal has_as_strategic_goal D: Force R: Force_goal has_as_operational_goal D: Force R: Force_goal

32. Component of has_as_component D: Force R: Single_state_force Group component_state D: Force R: Single_state_force has_as_subgroup D: Force R: Group

33. Economic factors … … has_as_economic_factor D: Force R: Economic_factor has_as_commerce_authority D: Force R: Commerce_authority has_as_information_network_or_system D: Force R: Information_network_or_system has_as_strategic_raw_materials D: Force R: Strategic_raw_material has_as_transportation_factor D: Force R: Transportation_factor has_as_industrial_factor D: Force R: Industrial_factor

34. Economic factors (cont.) has_as_industrial_factor D: Force R: Industrial_factor has_as_industrial_center D: Force R: Industrial_center has_as_industrial_authority D: Force R: Industrial_authority

35. Economic factors (cont.) has_as_transportation_factor D: Force R: Transportation_factor has_as_transportation_network_or_system D: Force R: Transportation_network_or_system has_as_transportation_center D: Force R: Transportation_center

36. Controlling factors … … … has_as_controlling_element D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_element has_as_controlling_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_leader has_as_controlling_group D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_group has_as_other_controlling_element D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_element has_as_controlling_organization D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_organization

37. Controlling factors (cont.) has_as_controlling_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_leader has_as_religious_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Religious_leader has_as_god_king D: Type_of_governing_body R: God_king has_as_monarch D: Type_of_governing_body R: Monarch has_as_military_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Military_leader has_as_political_leader D: Type_of_governing_body R: Political_leader

38. Controlling factors (cont.) has_as_controlling_group D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_group has_as_military_staff D: Type_of_governing_body R: Military_staff has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff D: Type_of_governing_body R: Political_cabinet_or_staff has_as_religious_body D: Type_of_governing_body R: Religious_body

39. Controlling factors (cont.) has_as_controlling_organization D: Type_of_governing_body R: Controlling_organization has_as_ruling_political_party D: Type_of_governing_body R: Ruling_political_party has_as_secret_police D: Type_of_governing_body R: Secret_police has_as_conventional_law_enforcement_organization D: Type_of_governing_body R: Conventional_law_enforcement_organization

40. Controlling factors (cont.) has_primacy_in D: Controlling_element R: Force has_objective_setting_primacy_in D: Controlling_element R: Force has_decision_making_primacy_in D: Controlling_element R: Force

41. Geographic factors has_as_geographic_center_of_power D: Force R: Geographic_power has_as_other_geographic_center_of_power D: Force R: Other_geographic_center_of_power has_as_capital D: Force R: Capital

42. Other relevant factors has_as_additional_relevant_factor D: Force R: Strategic_COG_relevant_factor has_as_other_relevant_factor D: Force R: Other_relevant_factor has_as_other_demographic_factor D: Force R: Demographic_factor has_as_other_political_factor D: Force R: Political_factor has_as_other_economic_factor D: Force R: Economic_factor has_as_other_military_factor D: Force R: Military_factor has_as_other_geographic_factor D: Force R: Geographic_factor has_as_other_psychosocial_factor D: Force R: Psychosocial_factor has_as_other_historic_factor D: Force R: Historic_factor has_as_other_international_factor D: Force R: International_factor