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Heirs of Rome

Heirs of Rome. The Byzantine Empire The Muslim Empire Christian Europe The Franks. The Empire at its height, c 250. Diocletian, The Tetrarchy, 285 CE. In 324, Constantine moves East. The Germanic Tribes c. 362. Rome’s last gasps … Theodoric the Great 489-526.

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Heirs of Rome

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  1. Heirs of Rome The Byzantine Empire The Muslim Empire Christian Europe The Franks

  2. The Empire at its height, c 250

  3. Diocletian, The Tetrarchy, 285 CE

  4. In 324, Constantine moves East

  5. The Germanic Tribes c. 362

  6. Rome’s last gasps… Theodoric the Great 489-526 • - Ostrogoth king ruled Italy from Rome… after killing Odoacer • His rule was enlightened, peaceful and just- praised by Romans & barbarians. • Retained the Roman Senate, civil service and schools. Old, aristocratic families still held high positions in the government

  7. Roman culture lived on: The Byzantine Empire

  8. The Byzantine Empire, The East Roman Empire, 550

  9. Justinian the Great, 527-565 • Three principal goals: 1) restore the western provinces 2) reform the laws and institutions 3) promote art and architecture

  10. Corpus Juris Civilis,the Body of Civil Law

  11. Hagia Sophia, 532-537

  12. Trade and Industry flourished

  13. Mosaics

  14. The Byzantine Legacy… • The codification of the laws of ancient Rome under Justinian • Preserved and expanded the philosophy, science, mathematics and literature of ancient Greece. • It prevented Muslim Arabs from advancing into Eastern Europe

  15. Around 610, Muhammad was a prosperous merchant

  16. Islam in 632

  17. The Muslim Golden AgeThe 8th & 9th Centuries • The Arab Empire stretched from Spain to India and was unified by a common language-Arabic, religion-Islam and culture • Muslims preserved and expanded the Greco-Roman-Byzantine achievements in science, philosophy and mathematics…

  18. Muslim contributions to civilization • Education- great universities at Cairo, Baghdad and Cordova… • Mathematics- introduced Arabic numerals, furthered the study of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry… • Science- discovered many chemical compounds, including sulfuric acid… • Agriculture- improved farming by crop rotation • Industry- Cordovan leather; Damascus swords; damask cloth; crystal glass; smooth paper; beautiful rugs … • Navigation- they believed the world to be round… • Literature- 1001 Arabian Nights… • Medicine- used anesthetics, compiled medical texts

  19. The Mongols: Genghis Khan • In 1258, Baghdad was plundered and burned. 50,000 dead, including the last Baghdad Caliph… • For 200 years, Mongols devastated palaces, libraries and universities

  20. The Mongol Empire at its height

  21. The cultural greatness of the Byzantine and Islamic Empires enriched the western world …but… • did not produce the major breakthroughs that created the modern world. That is the singular achievement of western Europe.

  22. Christianity gained many converts: • People were dissatisfied with the old pagan religions and were attracted by the ideas of One God, equality, universal love and eternal salvation… • Early Christians displayed courage and sincerity, willing to suffer persecution rather than renounce their faith. • The concept of equality appealed to the poor and oppressed… • Missionaries could travel and preach- Rome’s transportation system!

  23. Pope Gregory The Great, 590-604 • 588 Lombard invasions • Maintained productive lands - kept food coming into Rome • Ransomed captives • Organized defense of the city • Sponsored hospitals and schools • Aided women and orphans • Negotiated truce in 598

  24. The Church as Unifier • Became the dominant institution after the collapse of Roman authority - assumed many political functions • It preserved the high culture of the Greco-Roman civilization • Membership in a universal religion (Catholic) replaced membership in a universal empire (Rome) • Taught a higher morality than Germanic culture

  25. The Medieval monk • Monks and nuns built monasteries and converted the people… • Maintained libraries with theological works and the ancient Latin classics • Reclaimed the land and instructed peasants in farming -rejected classical disdain for manual labor • Provided help to the old, the sick, the destitute • Adopted a code of poverty

  26. Monks worked in a Scriptorium

  27. The Merovingian Dynasty, 481-787 • King Clovis I, united the various Frankish tribes and conquered most of Gaul • In 496, he married Clothild who converted him to Christianity

  28. King Clovis r. 481-511 • After Clovis – 250 years of “do-nothing” kings! • Mayors of the palaceran the kingdom

  29. Pepin of Heristal, Mayor of the Palace,687

  30. Pepin’s son Charles Martel, later known as “Charles the Hammer,” cultivated this new aristocracy while also giving substantial support to Christian missionaries and Monasteries

  31. The Battle of Tours, 732.

  32. Military innovation: The stirrup

  33. The Carolingian DynastyPepin III (the Short) r. 752-768

  34. Carolus Magnus • Charles the Great • Karel de Grote • Charlemagne King of the Franks (768-814) & Holy Roman Emperor (800-814)

  35. Charlemagne: • Conqueror • Defender of the Church • Patron of the Arts & Learning • State-builder: missi dominici

  36. Missi dominici among the people….

  37. Missi dominici… reporting back to Charlemagne

  38. The Holy Roman Emperor, 800

  39. His religious duty: raise the educational level of the clergy so they read the Bible and properly teach the faith • Teach reading and writing - scriptures free of copying errors • Create an enjoyable experience for churchgoers- Gregorian chants

  40. Alcuin of York(735-804) oversaw the Palace School at Aachen, attracting the greatest minds of the age.

  41. Carolingian miniscule…

  42. The Carolingian Renaissance- A flowering of art, architecture, literature, music and education in an attempt to recapture the past glory of the Roman Empire

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