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How the Web Works

How the Web Works. Multimedia Storytelling Spring 2014. The Internet vs. the World Wide Web. The Internet is a network of networks, connecting millions of computers together globally

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How the Web Works

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  1. How the Web Works Multimedia StorytellingSpring 2014

  2. The Internet vs. the World Wide Web • The Internet is a network of networks, connecting millions of computers together globally • As long as two computers are connected to the Internet, they can communicate via e-mail, instant messaging services, file transfer (FTP) etc. • The World Wide Web is one way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet

  3. How the Web works • User opens a web browser, types in a URL or a set of keywords using HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) • Web browser initiates contact with a web server, translates HTTP into a set of numbers that a web server can understand, which requests the information • Server delivers the information to the web browser • Web browser decodes and renders the information for the user’s computer or device

  4. Web servers • Computer that stores and distributes information over the Internet • Delivers requested content to clients • Most common server type is a hosting server • Used to host websites • Public folder on WWW that contains all of a site’s content

  5. Web browsers • The tool used to access information over the Internet, published on the World Wide Web • Searches for and finds information on web servers • Retrieves information and brings it back to the user • Renders the information for display on computers and devices

  6. Web pages vs. websites • Web pages are HTML documents on the Internet, and any related style, script, and graphics files, often hyperlinked to other documents on the Web • Websites are a collection of interconnected web pages, located on the same server, on the Internet

  7. Main components of web pages • HTML • CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) • Interactive scripts (JS, PHP, etc.) • Audiovisual content

  8. HTML: An overview • Predominant markup language for all web pages that all browsers read to understand the site • Considered the building blocks of a web page, and define the structure of the document • Made up of tags that surround plain text, telling the browser how to display elements on a web page • These tags have selectors that are referenced in the CSS, which defines how the tags are styled

  9. HTML Structure: The document tree

  10. HTML Structure: DOCTYPE!

  11. HTML Structure: <head></head>

  12. HTML Structure: <body></body>

  13. HTML Structure: <div></div>

  14. HTML Structure: Common tags • <html> • <head> • <title> • <link> • <body> • <div> • <p> • <br> • <h1> - <h6> • <a> • <img> • <source> Click here for a complete list of tags

  15. HTML Structure: Tags overview • Characters surrounding plain text that give plain text meaning • Composed of the name of the element, surrounded by angle brackets • Tags are always surrounded by angle brackets • Opening tags: < > + Closing tags: </> • Tags mostly come in pairs (i.e. <head> </head>) • Opening tag turns action on, closing tag turns it off • Tags can be nested inside of other tags • Inner tag must be closed before the outer tag • Tags have optional attributes that further tell the browser what to do, i.e. alignment, width, etc.

  16. CSS: An overview • Language that describes the presentation of a website • You can control styles for elements throughout an entire website through one line of code • Similar to the style sheets that newspapers and magazines use in InDesign • Define colors, fonts, positioning, etc.

  17. HTML + CSS = BFFs • While HTML controls the structure of a web page, CSS controls the style/presentation • By separating structure & presentation, you can change how a page looks without affecting the underlying structure

  18. How HTML + CSS interact • HTML document links to an outside CSS document, which when downloaded tells the browser how the HTML should look

  19. With CSS, you can format… • Backgrounds (images, colors) • Fonts (family, size, style) • Paragraphs (alignment, indentation, letter spacing, word spacing, line height) • Margins & padding • Borders (style, size, color) • Color (text) • Positioning (relative, absolute) • Floating (left, right)

  20. Without CSS…

  21. With CSS…

  22. Without CSS…

  23. With CSS…

  24. CSS Zen Garden

  25. CSS Zen Garden

  26. CSS Zen Garden

  27. CSS Zen Garden

  28. CSS syntax • Selector: References which element needs to be styled • Declaration: The formatting instructions • Always enclosed in curly brackets • Can contain multiple styles • Property: The item that needs to be styled • Font family, font size, etc. • Value: The style applied to that item • Helvetica, 12px, etc.

  29. CSS syntax

  30. CSS Selectors • There are different types of selectors • ID selector • Class selector • Type selector

  31. CSS syntax: ID selectors

  32. CSS syntax: Class selectors

  33. CSS syntax: Type selectors

  34. HTML Structure: ID vs. class selector

  35. CSS: The box model

  36. The box model explained • Margin: Pushes the box away from other boxes. The margin does not have a background color, it’s transparent. • Border: A border that goes around the padding and content, between the margin and padding. • Padding: Pushes the border of the box away from the box’s content. • Content: The inside of the box, where text, images & media appear.

  37. Interactive scripting: An overview • Interactive scripting allows for dynamic web content • JS allows users to control the content that appears in their browser • Slideshows • Interactive data visualizations • PHP allows the server to change the content that appears in the browser, typically based on the specific user that’s logged on to a site/application • Social media sites • Shopping carts

  38. Audiovisual content • Images • Audio • Movies • Web pages don’t actually contain audiovisual content, they link to audiovisual content • Heavy audiovisual content slows down sites • Optimize your images to speed up loading time

  39. Audiovisual content: Linking

  40. Getting started • Create a local root folder to house content • Open up a text editor (i.e. Sublime Text) • Create a home page (save to root) • Create a stylesheet (save to root) • Link HTML page to CSS • Build the structure of your page (HTML) • Build the styles for your page (CSS) • Add interactive scripts (if you’d like) • Add content

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