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Tonight. February 15 (Week 4) Term Paper Topics Isopleths HW#4 Weather Review Temperature and Humidity (Chapter 3) Vehicles and Hyperthermia Midterm Review. Next Week (2/22). CLASS WILL BEGIN AT 6:15 PM MIDTERM #1 33 multiple choice questions No Scantron
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Tonight • February 15 (Week 4) • Term Paper Topics • Isopleths HW#4 • Weather Review • Temperature and Humidity (Chapter 3) • Vehicles and Hyperthermia • Midterm Review
Next Week (2/22) • CLASS WILL BEGIN AT 6:15 PM • MIDTERM #1 • 33 multiple choice questions • No Scantron • Term Paper Topics Due (HW #5) • Textbook • List from Syllabus • PRIMARILY ABOUT METEOROLOGY!! • Not Acceptable: Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), Frostbite, Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Waves for Surfing
HW#5 – Pick a topic by next week. Famous People in Meteorology - Galileo - Fahrenheit - Celsius - Luke Howard - Bjerknes - Beaufort - Fujita - Da Vinci Famous Weather Events 1900 Galveston Hurricane 1935 Labor Day Hurricane 1938 New England Hurricane Great Blizzard of 1993 Hurricane Andrew (in 1992) Hurricane Betsy (1956) Hurricane Carol (in 1954) Hurricane Georges (in 1998) Hurricane Gilbert (in 1988) Hurricane Hugo (in 1989) Hurricane Katrina (in 2005) Hurricane Mitch (in 1998) Moore OK Tornado Outbreak - 1999 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak - 1965 Columbus Day Storm (W. Coast 1962) Calif. Great Floods of 1862 The Perfect Storm (1991) Term Paper Topics
Specific Weather Topics acid rain air pollution Air Quality Index (AQI) anemometer atmospheric circulation aurora borealis ball lightning blizzards Cape Verde-type hurricane chinook wind cloud types contrail cyclone El Nino/La Nina fall wind - katabatic wind fires and weather freezing rain frost Fujita scale (for measuring tornadoes) fulgurite global warming hail halo optical phenomenon heat wave humidity hurricanes ice storms katabatic wind lightning history of meteorology history of the National Weather Service ozone depletion (i.e., ozone hole) Pacific DecadalOoscillation paleoclimatology rainbow Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Santa Ana Winds smog solar energy space weather storm surge sundog - parhelion temperature scales thermometers tornadoes weather instruments weather folklore wind energy Term Paper Topics
4 PM Weather Review
10 PM Weather Review
4 AM Weather Review
10 AM Weather Review
4 PM Weather Review
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY EXTREMES CHAPTER 3
Temperature Measurements • ~5 feet above the ground • Over natural surface • Well ventilated • Out of Direct sunlight • Away from heat sources • Parking Lots • Motor Vehicles • South facing buildings
TEMPERATURE SCALE HISTORY • Fahrenheit -1700s • 0 ° = freezing point of brine • 32 ° = freezing point of water • 100 ° = body temperature • Celsius – 1700s • 0° = freezing point of pure water • 100° = boiling point of water
TEMPERATURE SCALES • Lord Kelvin – 1700s • Proved lowest temperature was -273°C • 0 °K = Absolute Zero • 273 °K = freezing point of water • 373 °K = boiling point of water
EARLY THERMOMETERS • First Thermometers used Alcohol • Superseded by Mercury (Hg) - 1717 • More pure • Opaque • Immune to evaporation • Liquid over a wider range of temps • -38° F to 357 ° F
TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS Fahrenheit to CELSIUS ° C = 5/9 (° F-32) Celsius to FAHRENHEIT ° F = (1.8 ° C) + 32 FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES1° C = 2 °F
COMMON CONVERSIONS °F °C -40 -40 0 -18 32 0 50 10 61 16 82 28 98.6 37 104 40 To estimate: Assume 1°C equals 2°F
DAYTIME WARMING • Sun warms ground • Ground warms adjacent air via conduction • Convection (thermals) occur and transfer heat upward • Lag to Maximum temperature • Type of surface • Bodies of Water • Cloud cover • Wind
DAYTIME MIXING Fig. 3.2, p. 64
NIGHTTIME COOLING • Ground cools by radiational cooling • Better radiator and thus cools faster • Inversions • Colder Air near surface • Factors for colder conditions • Length of night • Cloud-free (not re-radiated back) • Windless (i.e., no mixing) • Dry - Moist nights are warmer due to released latent heat from condensation and IR warming • Lag until coldest Temperature
NIGHT TIME MIXING Fig. 3.7, p. 69
NIGHTTIME COOLING Fig. 3.8, p. 70
DIURNAL TEMPERATURES • Each day resembles mini-season • Warming-Cooling Cycle • Maximum solar energy at noon
CONTROLS ON TEMPERATURE • Solar Insolation • Date • Time • Latitude • Exposure (wind, humidity) • Geographic • Land • Water • Oceanic • Currents • Topography • Elevation
NORTH versus SOUTH Land masses dominate the Northern Hemisphere. Oceans dominate the Southern Hemisphere.
LAND vs. SEA (July Temperatures) • Land masses cause more temperature variations. • Oceans keep temperatures more moderate.
EXTREME TEMPERATURES • The hottest place in the world is Dallol, Ethiopia. • Average daily maximum temperature exceeded 100°F during every month of the year, except December and January. • Daily maximum often exceeds 120°F. • Average annual temperature 94°F.
EXTREME TEMPERATURES • The coldest regions • Continental United States • Northern Great Plains and northern Maine. • North America • Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada. • World • Antarctica • Average July (winter) is –74°F. • Mean annual temperature is –57°F.
DAILY TEMPERATURES • Daily Temperature Variations • Diurnal temperature range • Largest diurnal range of temperature • High Deserts: Dry air, cloud-free, little water vapor • Clouds = Large affect on the daily temperature range • Locations near large bodies of water typically have smaller diurnal temperature ranges
DEGREE DAYS • DD = (Average Daily Temperature) - Base Temperature • Summed through the year • Heating Degree Days (HDD) if Negative (i.e., < 65°F) • Need to use your heater • Cooling Degree Days (CDD) if Positive (i.e., > 65°F) • Need to use air conditioning • Growing Degree Days (GDD) • 60 – Cotton, Rice • 50 - Beans, Corn, Grapes • 40 – Peas, Wheat
Grapes & DEGREE DAYS • Base 50 degrees • Seasonal Total • < 2500 - Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and White Riesling • 2500 – 3000 - Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Gamay • 3000 – 3500 – Zinfandel • 3500 – 4000 – Dessert winds, table and raisin grapes • > 4000 – Thompson Seedless
WIND CHILL • Combination of Temperature and Wind • “Feels like” temperature on skin human
THERMOMETER Types • Liquid in Glass
THERMOMETER Types • Liquid in Glass • Maximum • Minimum