Think about it…

1. Think about it… What do Humans have in common with Plants? Which of the following characteristics do most plants and humans have in common? In your groups, discuss the characteristics and identify which of the following are shared between humans and plants. Be ready to justify your answers.

2. Introduction to theAnimal Kingdom

3. What characteristicsare common to all animals? Eukaryotic cells NO cell wall Multicellular Cell specialization Heterotrophic Reproduction/Development

4. Categories of Animals • Invertebrates:95%animals without backbones • Sea stars, worms, jellyfish, & insects • Vertebrates: 5%animals with backbones • Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

5. Kingdom Animalia: • Kingdom Animalia • 1. Phylum Porifera (sponges) • 2. Phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, jellyfish, coral, hydra) • 3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • 4. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • 5. Phylum Annelida (segmented worms, earthworms, leeches) • 6. Phylum Mollusca (clam, squid, snails, slugs) • 7. Phylum Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders) • 8. Phylum Echinodermata (starfish) • 9. Phylum Chordata (includes all vertebrates)

6. TEK 10C – Analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system.

7. The components of the human body are organized. Cells TissueOrganOrgan System All components interact to maintain homeostasis. The Human Body

8. Levels of Organization Cell: Basic unit of structure and function Tissue: Group of Cells working together Organs: Group of tissues working together Organ System: Group of organs working together. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

9. Cell Types and Tissue • Cells are specialized for their specific function. • Tissues are groups of cells that perform a specific function. • Muscle Tissue: along the bones, enables body to move. • Epithelial Tissue: glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces. • Connective Tissue: provides support for the body and connects its parts. • Nervous Tissue: transmits sensory nerve impulses throughout the body.

10. TEK 10A – Describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness in animals. Review TEKS 9C – Identify and investigate the role of enzymes. 11A – summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of both organisms and ecosystems.

11. Human Body Systems: All of the systems within the bodyinteract with one another to keep an organism healthy.

12. Body Systems Video • Ameoba Sisters • https://youtu.be/gEUu-A2wfSE (8:21)

13. Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System Organs involved: Heart Lungs Arteries, Veins, Vessels

14. Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System • Function: • Transportation of materials to and from cells: • Delivery of oxygen; removal of carbon dioxide • Delivery of nutrients; removal of wastes • Delivery of Hormones • Transports white blood cells (immune system) • Regulation of body temperature

15. Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System • Blood has three cellular components: • Red blood cells (RBC): transport oxygen using hemoglobin • HemoglobinIron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. • White blood cells (WBC): guardagainst infection, fight parasites, attack bacteria • Platelets and plasma proteins: make blood clotting possible

16. DigestiveSystem Organs involved: Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus Liver Pancreas Gallbladder

17. DigestiveSystem • Function: • Convertscomplex biomolecules (food)into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body • Absorbs nutrients • Eliminates solid waste

18. Digestive System • Chemical digestion breaks the chemical bonds in macromolecules and releases smaller biomolecules. Begins in the mouth and continues throughout other organs. Uses enzymes! • Mechanicaldigestion starts with chewing, and continues with the muscle contractions (muscular system) needed to move the fluids and food from the stomach to the small intestine.

19. Enzymes and the Digestive System Enzymes are catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions & reduce activation energy. • Enzyme • Protein • Substrate • Food molecule that enzymes break down • Products • Products from the reaction (smaller pieces of the original substrate) • Active site • Area of substrate attachment on the enzyme • Lock and key • Label: enzyme, substrate & active site in your notes

20. Digestive Enzymes

21. Endocrine System The collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things. • Function: • Controls growth,development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis.

22. Endocrine System

23. Endocrine System Hormones - Chemicals that are released in one part of the body that travel through the blood stream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body. Hormones are controlled by feedback mechanisms.

24. Excretory System (Urinary) • Organs involved: • Kidneys • Largeintestine • Liver • Skin (& sweat glands) • Bladder

25. Excretory System (Urinary) Function: Eliminates liquidwasteproducts to maintain homeostasis. Processes involved in blood purification: Filtration: to remove wastes (Kidneys) Re-absorption: process by which liquid is taken back into the system (large intestine) Urine - a watery fluid stored in the bladder and discharged through the urethra. It is one of the body's chief means of eliminating excess water and salt, and also contains nitrogen compounds such as urea and other waste substances removed from the blood by the kidneys.

26. Integumentary System • Organs involved: • Skin (internal and external lining) • Hair • Nails

27. Integumentary System • Function: • Serves as a barrier against infection and injury • Regulation of body temperature • Protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun • Melanin- pigment in skin that absorbs UV rays from the sun

28. Integumentary System Hair: in our nose, ears, and around our eyes protects these sensitive areas of the body from dust and other small particles. Eyebrows and eyelashes protect our eyes by decreasing the amount of light and particles that go into them. The fine hair that covers our bodies provides warmth and protects our skin.

29. Lymphatic/Immune System Organs/Cells Involved: Thymus Liver Spleen Tonsils Appendix White Blood Cells

30. Lymphatic/Immune System • Function: • Helps protect the body from disease • Collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. • Lymph – the fluid collected by the lymphatic system • Lymph nodes act as filters, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms; swelling is a response to active lymph nodes.

31. Lymphatic System • First line of defense: • Skin(Integumentary System) • Immune / Lymphatic Response: 2nd line of defense once barrier has been breached by a pathogen • Specific defenses that attack a particular disease-causing agent (such as viruses, bacteria or other pathogens) • Antibodies recognize and bind to antigens; attacking the pathogen. • White blood cells – aka leukocytes, seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances. • WBC’s are made and stored in the thymus, spleen and bone marrow

32. Muscular System • Organs Involved: • There are approximately 700 named muscles that make up roughly half of a person's body weight. • Each of these muscles is a discrete organ constructed ofmuscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. • Function: • Produces voluntary movement while working with the Skeletal System • Helps to circulateblood through the circulatory system • Helps move food through the digestive system

33. Muscle Filament Muscle cellsare specialized! They contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell. Muscles function to produce force and motion. Sliding Filament Theory: describes a process used by musclesto contract.

34. Nervous System • Organs & Tissues Involved: Brain Spinal cord Sensory Organs (skin, eyes etc.) Nerves

35. Nervous System • Function: • Coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environments. • Autonomic nervous system - regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing, that work without conscious effort. • Somatic nervous system - consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles andsensory receptors in the skin.

36. Nervous System Neuron- specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses in the nervous system. Synapse - The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell. Neurotransmitters - Chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

37. Respiratory System Includes all organs involved in breathing: Lungs – primary organ Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi

38. Respiratory System Function: Provide oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removeexcess carbon dioxide from the body. Works closely with the Circulatory System to transport these gases through the body.

39. Reproductive System • Organs Involved: • Female -ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, breasts • Male - scrotum, testes, sperm ducts, prostategland, and penis

40. Reproductive System • Function: sexual reproduction • Female - • Produce egg cells (gametes) • Protect and nourish the offspring during gestation and after birth. • Male - Produce and deposit sperm (gametes)

41. Sexual Reproduction Sperm (haploid)fertilizes an egg(haploid)zygote(diploid)

42. Skeletal System Organs Involved: Bones of the skeleton Muscles Cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together

43. Skeletal System • Function: • Supports the body • Protectsinternal organs • Allows movement (with help from Muscular System) • Stores mineral reserves (calcium) • Provides a site for blood cell formation(marrow)

44. Skeletal System • Osteocytes – specialized mature bone cells • 2 types of bone marrow • Yellow: made primarily of fat cells. • Red: produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets. • Ligaments - Hold bones together in a joint. • Tendons - Hold muscle to bone

45. Brain Coordination Regulate Temperature Ligaments Thyroid Skeletal Reproductive Movement Testes Females Wastes Kidneys Food Transport Esophagus Blood

47. Important Functions of Animal Body Systems • Regulation (Homeostasis) • Nutrient Absorption • Digestion and Excretion • Reproduction • Defense • From injury & illness

48. Regulation and Homeostasis Homeostasis - the tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors. Examples: Body temperature, blood pressure, blood pH, concentration of various ions in the blood, concentration of glucoseetc. • ALL living organisms must maintain homeostasis of some sort. Achieved by many different internal controlled mechanisms that detectdeviations and make corrective actions.

49. Homeostatic Loop: EXAMPLE 1. Blood Temp. increase 2. Thermoregulatory center in Brain 4. Blood Temp. Drops 3. Sweat glands release and blood vessels dilate… Sweating begins

50. Regulation and Homeostasis –System Interactions • Circulatory - regulates body temperature (e.g., an increase in body temperature causes blood vessels near the skin surface to dilate and release heat) • Endocrine - regulates concentration of sugar in the blood (e.g., a high concentration of sugar in the blood triggers release of the hormone insulin which causes cells to take in sugar) • Excretory - regulates level of water in the blood (e.g., a low level of water in the blood triggers retention of water by the kidneys) • Integumentary - regulates body temperature (e.g., an increase in body temperature causes the skin to make and release sweat to cool the body) • Nervous - regulates body responses (e.g., processes internal and external stimuli and sends signals throughout the body to coordinate and execute both the voluntary and involuntary processes that maintain homeostasis) • Respiratory - regulates level of carbon dioxide in the blood (e.g., a high concentration of carbon dioxide triggers faster breathing)