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ATP

Making energy!. ATP. The point is to make ATP !. The energy needs of life. Organisms are endergonic systems What do we need energy for? synthesis building biomolecules reproduction movement active transport temperature regulation. Where do we get the energy from?.

caleb-mcfadden
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ATP

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  1. Making energy! ATP The pointis to makeATP!

  2. The energy needs of life • Organisms are endergonic systems • What do we need energy for? • synthesis • building biomolecules • reproduction • movement • active transport • temperature regulation

  3. Where do we get the energy from? • Work of life is done by energy coupling • use exergonic (catabolic) reactions to fuel endergonic (anabolic) reactions digestion energy + + synthesis energy + +

  4. Living economy • Fueling the body’s economy • eat high energy organic molecules • food = carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids • break them down • digest=catabolism • capture released energy in a form the cell can use • Need an energy currency • a way to pass energy around • need a short term energy storage molecule ATP

  5. high energy bonds ATP • Adenosine TriPhosphate • modified nucleotide • nucleotide =adenine + ribose + Pi AMP • AMP + Pi ADP • ADP + Pi ATP • adding phosphates is endergonic

  6. O– O– O– O– O– O– O– O– P P P P P P P P –O –O –O O– O– O– –O –O –O O– O– O– –O –O O– O– O O O O O O O O How does ATP store energy? • Each negative PO4 more difficult to add • a lot of stored energy in each bond • most energy stored in 3rd Pi • 3rd Pi is hardest group to keep bonded to molecule • Bonding of negative Pi groups is unstable • spring-loaded • Pi groups “pop” off easily & release energy AMP ADP ATP Instability of its P bonds makes ATP an excellent energy donor

  7. O– O– O– O– P P P P –O O– –O O– –O –O O– O– O O O O How does ATP transfer energy? • ATP  ADP • releases energy • ∆G = -7.3 kcal/mole • Fuel other reactions • Phosphorylation • released Pi can transfer to other molecules • destabilizing the other molecules • enzyme that phosphorylates = “kinase” 7.3energy + ADP ATP

  8. enzyme + + H H H H H H H H H2O C C C C C C C C OH OH HO HO O O + H ATP ADP + C H H P HO OH H C C + + Pi C P An example of Phosphorylation… • Building polymers from monomers • need to destabilize the monomers • phosphorylate! synthesis +4.2 kcal/mol “kinase”enzyme -7.3 kcal/mol -3.1 kcal/mol

  9. P ATP C 2 hexokinase C 2 ADP phosphofructokinase H C P Another example of Phosphorylation… • The first steps of cellular respiration • beginning the breakdown of glucose to make ATP glucose C-C-C-C-C-C fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P DHAP P-C-C-C G3P C-C-C-P activationenergy

  10. + Pi ATP / ADP cycle ATP • Can’t store ATP • good energy donor, not good energy storage • too reactive • transfers Pi too easily • only short term energy storage • carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage cellularrespiration 7.3 kcal/mole ADP A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

  11. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ rotor rod + P catalytic head H+ ATP synthase • Enzyme channel in mitochondrial membrane • permeable to H+ • H+ flow down concentration gradient • flow like water over water wheel • flowing H+ cause change in shape of ATP synthase enzyme • powers bonding of Pi to ADP:ADP + Pi ATP ADP ATP But… How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?

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