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Eukarya

Eukarya. Eukarya includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells Examples: plants animals fungi algae single-celled animal-like protozoa. Protists. Eukaryotic; but comprises its own Kingdom Protista Algae - aquatic, photosynthetic organisms Diatoms Dinoflagellates

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Eukarya

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  1. Eukarya • Eukarya includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells • Examples: • plants • animals • fungi • algae • single-celled animal-like protozoa

  2. Protists • Eukaryotic; but comprises its own Kingdom Protista • Algae - aquatic, photosynthetic organisms • Diatoms • Dinoflagellates • Protozoans – Foraminiferans, Radiolarians, Ciliates • Single and multi-cellular

  3. Unicellular Algae • Green Algae • Mostly freshwater and terrestrial • 10% of species are marine • Brown Algae • Almost all species are marine • Sargassum (Sargasso seaweed) • Macrocystis (Giant Kelp) • plants grow up to 300 ft • can grow 20”/day • form kelp beds or kelp forests • Harvested for Algin (used in cosmetics and ice cream). • Red Algae • Agar and carrageenan: gelling and thickening agents

  4. Diatoms • Extremely diverse and distinct members of marine phytoplankton • Unicellular • Diatom structure • Enclosed in a box-shaped organic cell wall with silica (SiO2), called a frustule • Holes in cell wall allow cholorplast to capture light and dissolved gases to enter.

  5. Dinoflagellates • Unicellular protists with 2 flagella (used for motility) • Globular, plated outer “shell” that is made of cellulose • Photosynthetic, but also can absorb nutrients • Most are planktonic (primary producers) • Can be bioluminescent – Bioluminescent Bay, Puerto Rico (pg. 97) • Red tides – produce toxin in water when in Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

  6. Amoeboid Protozoans • Unicellular Protists • All have an organelle called a pseudopod—an extension of the cell surface that can change shape and is used for locomotion and food capture • Are heterotrophs consuming bacteria and other small organisms

  7. Amoeboid Protozoans

  8. Amoeboid Protozoans • Major Protozoans: • Foraminiferans • Radiolarians • Ciliates

  9. Amoeboid Protozoans • Foraminiferans (forams) • have branched pseudopods that form elaborate, net-like structures used to: • snare prey • crawl • reduce sinking rate (pelagic) • consume bacteria and diatoms • some harbor symbiotic green and red algae and zooxanthellae • Have shell (test) made from CaCO3 • Bottom of the ocean (benthic)

  10. Foraminiferans

  11. Foraminiferans • White Cliffs of Dover

  12. Radiolarians • Unicellular protists • Planktonic (primary producers) • Shells make of silica (glass) • Contains a needle-like pseudopodia • Dead remains cover large portions of the ocean bottom as radiolarian ooze.

  13. Radiolarians

  14. Ciliates • Ciliates • protozoans that have cilia (hair-like growths) for locomotion and for gathering food • membranelles—tufts or long rows of fused adjacent cilia • Heterotrophs – cytostome—an organelle serving as a permanent site for phagocytosis of food • planktonic major links in marine food chains • form symbiotic and parasitic relationships • Paramecium

  15. Ciliates

  16. Fungi • General features of fungi • eukaryotes with cell walls of chitin • filamentous fungi grow into long, multi-cellular filaments called hyphae that can branch to produce a tangled mass called a mycelium • Important to marine ecosystems as heterotrophic decomposers that recycle organic material

  17. Maritime Lichens • Lichens: mutualistic associations between a fungus and an alga • fungi are usually ascomycotes • algae are usually green or blue-green bacteria • The fungus provides attachment, general structure, minerals, moisture • The alga produces organic matter through photosynthesis

  18. Marine Viruses • Viruses are diverse and are more abundant than any other organism in the sea • Have significance for marine food webs, population biology and diseases of marine organisms • Viruses of marine eukaryotic hosts first reported in the 1970s

  19. Biodiversity and Distribution of Marine Viruses • 10 times more abundant than marine prokaryotes, may reach 1010 virons per liter of seawater, 1013 per kilogram of sediment • Estimated 100 to 10,000 genotypes • Most planktonic viruses are icosahdral or binal bacteriophages (“bacteria eaters”) with lytic life cycles • Sediment viruses are typically helical and lysogenic

  20. Marine Microbes • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TmHlcMDIOQ

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