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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Section 1 What is an Animal?. Structure of Animals. Animals are composed of many cells. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function of in living things. Cell are organized into higher levels of structure. Systems Organs Tissue. Structure of Animals.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7

  2. Section 1 • What is an Animal?

  3. Structure of Animals • Animals are composed of many cells. • Cell is the basic unit of structure and function of in living things. • Cell are organized into higher levels of structure. • Systems • Organs • Tissue

  4. Structure of Animals • Group of similar cells and specific function is called a tissue • Tissues can combine together to for an organ, which is several different tissues. • Ex. Stomach, made of muscle, nerve and other tissues. • The stomach is then apart of the digestive system.

  5. Functions of Animals • The major function of animals is to obtain food and oxygen, keep internal conditions stable, move, and reproduce. • Adaptations are structures or behaviors to perform basic functions in their environment. • Animals must eat other organisms to live • Animals are always on the move for food and oxygen

  6. Functions of Animals • Animals must maintain stable cond. Otherwise animal can’t survive. • Animals are always moving. • Ex. Dogs, cats, fish, etc… • Some animals only move in early stage of life • Ex. Barnacle • Most animals reproduce sexually • Sexual reproduction is the process that a new org. develops from the joining of an egg and sperm cell.

  7. Functions of Animals • Asexual reproduction is where a single organism make a new organism identical to

  8. Classification of Animals • Biologists have already found and named 1.5 million animal species • An animal is classified based on its looks, how it develops and the contents of its DNA. • Classification reveals its relationship to other animals. • There are 35 groups of animals put into different groups called phylum

  9. Classification of Animals • Vertebrates are animals with a backbone. • Invertebrates are animals without a backbone. • 97% of all animals are invertebrates

  10. Section 2 • Animal Symmetry

  11. The Mathematics of Symmetry • The balanced arrangement of parts in an animal and other objects is called symmetry • Bilateral symmetry is one line dividing an object into equal halves. • Radial symmetry is many lines thru a central point. • Can infer some char. of animals based on their symmetry.

  12. Symmetry and Daily Life • Animals with radial symmetry are like the spokes of a bike wheel • Most animals have bilateral symmetry • Animals with bilateral symmetry are more complex and larger

  13. Section 3 • Sponges, Cnidarians, Worms and Mollusks

  14. Sponges • Sponges are invertebrates are animals usually without symmetry and have no tissues or organs. • Looks like a hollow bag with a large opening at one end. • Belongs to the phlyaPorifera, meaning to have pores. • Sponge attaches itself to hard surfaces underwater

  15. Sponges • Water carries food and oxygen to the sponge • Water also helps sponges to reproduce • Sponges can reproduce both sexually and asexually • In asexual reproduction, a new “bud” grows out of the adult sponges side • Bud eventually breaks free and grows up to be an adult

  16. Sponges • Sponges are both boy and girl • Sponges will produce both sperm and egg cells • Sperm is released from one sponge and enters another sponge to fertilize with an egg • A larva will form and then grow on its own • Larva is an immature form of an animal that looks very different from an adult

  17. Cnidarians • Cnidarians are invertebrate animals that use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves • Ex. Jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones • Have 2 different body plans • Medusa is bowl shaped and is adapted for swimming life. • Polyp is vase shaped with a mouth at the top

  18. Cnidarians • Cnidarians stinging cells are key to obtaining food. • Cnidarians also can reproduce sexually and asexually • Budding is the most common type of asexual reproduction • Sexual reproduction can occur in many ways • Some have both sexes, some have separate sexes and many have life cycles

  19. Worms • Biologists classify worms into 3 major phyla • Flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms. • Flatworms belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes • Roundworms belong to the phylum belong to the phylum Nematoda • Segmented worms belong to the phylum Annelida

  20. Worms • All worms are invertebrates with long narrow bodies • Worms are the simplest organisms with a brain found in the head end • Worms are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually

  21. Worms • Flatworms • Ex. Tapeworms, planarians, and flukes • Flatworms are flat and soft, like jelly • Flatworms are a parasite • Parasites are organisms that live in or on another organism • A parasite takes food from its host • A host is the organism that the parasite uses as a home

  22. Worms • Roundworms • Roundworms have cylindrical bodies • Roundworms have a digestive system that is open at both ends • This allows digestion to happen in orderly steps • Allows for more absorption of food nutrients. • Segmented worms • Ex. Earthworms, leeches, and some sea-floor worms

  23. Worms • Segmented worms • Segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections. • On the outside the segments all look alike. • Segmented worms have a closed circulatory system

  24. Mollusks • Snails, slugs and octopuses are all invertebrates • Mollusks have soft, unsegmented bodies often covered by sells and a thin layer of tissue called a mantle • The mantle covers the internal organs, and an organ is called a foot • Foot is usually adapted for different functions

  25. Mollusks • Mollusks have bilateral symmetry • Mollusks are classified into 3 major groups • Gastropods (Snails and Slugs) • Bivalves (Clams and Oysters) • Cephalopods (Octopuses and Squids) • Gastropods are the largest group of mollusks • Gastropods are mollusks that have a single external shell or no shell at all

  26. Mollusks • Gastropods feed using a radula, a flexible ribbon of tiny teeth • Some gastropods are herbivores, animals that eat plants. • Bivalves are found in all kinds of watery environments • Bivalves are mollusks that have 2 shells held together by hinges and strong muscles

  27. Mollusks • Cephalopods are the only mollusks with a closed circulatory system • A cephalopod is an ocean dwelling mollusk whose foot is adapted to form tentacles around its mouth. • Cephalopods swim by jet propulsion • They squeeze out a current of water out of the space surrounded by the mantle.

  28. Section 4 • Arthropods and Echinoderms

  29. Characteristics of Arthropods • Arthropods are invertebrates that have an external skeleton , a segmented body, and jointed attachments called appendages. • Ex. Ants, Grasshoppers, Lobsters, Spiders. • Arthropods have bilateral symmetry, an open circulatory system, and a digestive system with 2 openings. • Most arthropods reproduce sexually

  30. Arthropods • Scientists have identified more than 1 million species of arthropods • More than all other species combined • As arthropods grow larger, their waxy exoskeleton can’t expand • Exoskeleton is like a suit of armor • The process of shedding the exoskeleton is called molting • After molting, exoskeleton is soft for a short time

  31. Arthropods • Arthropods have segmented bodies • Many arthropods also have jointed appendages attached to their bodies • Fingers to your hands • Arthropods have specialized appendages • For walking, obtaining food, reproducing, and sensing the environment.

  32. Insects • The major groups of arthropods are Insects, Crustaceans, Centipedes, and Millipedes. • Insects are arthropods with 3 body sections, 3 pairs of legs, 1 pair of antennae, and usually 1 or 2 pairs of wings. • The 3 body sections are the head, thorax and abdomen

  33. Insects • The process in which an animals body goes thru a dramatic change in its form during its life cycle is called a metamorphosis • Egg, larva, pupa, adult

  34. Crustaceans • Crustaceans are arthropods with 2 or 3 body sections, 5 or more pairs of legs and 2 pairs of antennae • Ex. Shrimp, crab, crayfish and lobsters • Crustaceans obtain food in many ways • Many are scavengers • Some are predators • Most crustaceans begin life microscopic • Go thru partial metamorphosis, larva into adults

  35. Arachnids • Arachnids are arthropods with 2 body sections, 4 pairs of legs, and no antennae • Ex: Spiders, mites, ticks and scorpions • 2 body sections are a head/midsection and the abdomen • All spiders are predators • Spiders have hollow fangs that inject venom • Venom turns insect tissue to mush

  36. Arachnids • Fangs are then used like drinking straws • Almost all spiders are harmless • Brown recluse and black widow require hospital • Ticks are parasites that live on the outside of the host animal • Nearly every type of land animal has a tick that sucks its blood

  37. Arachnids • Scorpions live mostly in hot climates • Mostly active at night • During the day they hide in cool places • At the end of its abdomen is a spinelike stinger • Stinger is used to inject venom into its prey • Usually a spider or insect

  38. Centipedes and Millipedes • Easy to count the legs on other Arthropods • Not easy for centipedes or millipedes • Both have 2 body sections and numerous pairs of legs • Head section has 1 pair of antennae • Abdomen section with many segments • Centipedes are swift predators

  39. Centipedes and Millipedes • Inject venom with pair of claws near mouth • Millipedes have more than 80 segments and each segment has 2 pairs of legs • Most millipedes are scavengers • Millipedes curl up into a ball when in danger • Some also squirt an awful smelling liquid at a potential predator

  40. Echinoderms • Echinoderms are in the phylum Echinodermata • Echinoderms are invertebrates with an internal skeleton and a system of fluid filled called a vascular system • All echinoderms live in salt water • The skin of most echinoderms is supported by an internal skeleton called an endoskeleton

  41. Echinoderms • Adult echinoderms have a unique radical symmetry in which body parts come in multiples of 5’s and look like tire spokes • Echinoderms have tube feet that are sticky and act like suction cups • By forcing water, contracting the feet • Most are either male or female

  42. Echinoderms • Female releases her eggs into the water, male fertilizes with his sperm • Eggs develop into swimming larvae, undergo metamorphosis into adults • Share internal structures, do not look alike on the outside • Different ways of feeding and moving • Major groups are the Sea Stars, Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins, and Sea Cucumbers.

  43. Section 5 • Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles

  44. Characteristics of Chordates • Members of the phylum Chordata are called chordates • At some point in its life, a chordate with have a notochord, a nerve that runs down its back, and a slit in its throat area. • Ex: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals • Chordates get their name from the notochord

  45. Characteristics of Chordates • The notochord connects the brain and nerves • Chordates have slits in their throat area called gill slits • Invertebrate and some vertebrate chordates keep their gill slits all their life • In other vertebrates, gill slits disappear before birth

  46. Characteristics of Vertebrates • Most chordates are vertebrates • A vertebrate has a backbone that is part of an internal skeletal system • The backbone is formed by many bones called vertebrae • Each vertebrae has a hole in it to allow the spinal cord to pass thru it • The backbone protects the body, gives it shape, and gives muscle a place to attach

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