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Rise and Fall of the Caliphate

Rise and Fall of the Caliphate. Chapter 9 WHAP 2012. Umayyad Caliphate. Capital was in Damascus. The Islamic Conquests. The Arabs began expansion outside of Arabia under the leadership of the second caliph Umar Umar's life. The Islamic Conquests.

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Rise and Fall of the Caliphate

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  1. Rise and Fall of the Caliphate Chapter 9 WHAP 2012

  2. Umayyad Caliphate • Capital was in Damascus

  3. The Islamic Conquests • The Arabs began expansion outside of Arabia under the leadership of the second caliph Umar • Umar's life

  4. The Islamic Conquests • Within 15 years Muslim control extended to Syria (636) • Egypt (639-642) • Sasanid Iran (651)

  5. Umayyad Spain • Blended Roman, Germanic, Jewish, Arab and Berber traditions. • Al-Andalus rulers take title of caliph in 929 when the Fatimids in Tunisia did. • Major cities Cordoba, Seville, Toledo

  6. Umayyad Spain • Under Islamic leadership, Jewish people in Spain contributed to cultural growth. • Many great scientific thinkers and philosophical writers

  7. Decline of Umayyad • 747 major Shi’ite revolt in northeastern Iran • Caused by growing unrest among non-Arab Muslims • Demanded more access to political power. • Many felt the Syrian Arabs has gained too much power

  8. Overthrow of Umyyads led by Iranian Shi’ites. • Leaders were followers of Abbas, one of Muhammad’s uncles.

  9. The Abbasid Caliphate • 750 – 1258 • Capital Baghdad • Considered the “golden age” of classic Islamic culture • Peace • Stability • Economic unity

  10. The Abbasid Caliphate • Most famous caliph Haroun al-Rashid (776-809) • Created and refined the “cosmopolitan culture” of Baghdad

  11. Abbasid Achievements • Adopted ceremonies and customs of Sasanid shahs • Capital moved to Baghdad • Translation of Aristotle into Arabic • Paper introduced from China • Poets expanded their writings beyond Islam

  12. Aristotle

  13. Astrolabe - Invented by Arabs to tell time, latitude and horoscope based on star positions. • Will become the primary navigational tool of sailors around the world by 1492. • Exploration site

  14. Abbas Ibn Firnas • First man to fly in a glider • A polymath • Studied Astronomy, engineering, philosophy, history • Crater on the moon named after him • Firnas Wiki

  15. Ulama • “People with religious knowledge” • Established in Iran • religious scholars create a standardized study of Islam. • Islamic schools spread across empire • Imam - is teacher of Islam

  16. Abbasid Decline • 850 - 1050 • Size of empire hard to hold together. • Caravan speed only 20 miles per day. • News of revolts on the frontier took 2 weeks to reach Baghdad.

  17. Abbasid Decline • Taxes hard to collect • Local strongmen begin to seize power and profits creating large provincial caliphates.

  18. Provincial caliphates • Samanids 819 - 999 • Iranian kin group that promoted non-Arab literature and Persian poetry.

  19. Fatimids 908 - 1171 • Egyptian caliphate established city of Cairo. • Economy based on gold from Africa.

  20. Mamluks • Crisis in 9th century caused Turkic slaves to be purchased by caliphs to use as a standing army. • Mamluk means “owned”

  21. Conflict Between Islamic and Byzantine Empires • Revue • Byzantine Empire created after fall of Rome in 400 • Islam quickly spread around the southern Mediterranean region during the 7th century.

  22. Islamic Civilization • Abbasids trained ulamas (Islamic scholars). • Ulamas became Imams (Islamic teachers) • Imams created the Hadith (codes of conduct based on accounts of Muhammad’s life) to standardize all Muslim practices. • Shar’ia is law of Islam. • Codes of conduct based on Arab customs and the Hadith.

  23. Islamic Civilization • Shar’iais the law of Islam. • It contains “rules for the the Umma”- the great vision of the Sha’ria. • The common moral values, outlined to minimize ethnic and political divisions. • Unification of Muslims - main motivation was to fight against Christian Crusaders from Byzantine empire

  24. Sufism • Mystical cult • Creates idea of “brotherhood of Islam” • Quest for a direct union with God through rituals and training. • Sufism

  25. Muslim Women • Permitted to initiate divorce and also receive a cash payment if finalized • Permitted to practice birth control • Permitted to own property and testify in court • Allowed inheritance (1/2 of son’s) • Adopted Byzantine and Sassanid custom of veiling. • Still a misogynistic (male dominated) society

  26. Seljuk Empire • Established 1100 by Mamluk revolt • Ruled Middle East during the first Crusade 1095 • Leaders didn’t get involved in internal religious fighting • Islam continues to be strong influence • Seljyuks

  27. Seljuk Empire • Alliance of Turkish tribes using horse cavalry to defeat Abbasids • Captured Baghdad in 1055

  28. Biggest success was defending the region against attacks by the Byzantine Empire. • Battle of Manzikert Seljuk victory over Crusaders. • Battle of Manzikert • Biggest motivation for unification of Muslims became to fight off the Crusaders!

  29. Seljuk Decline • Irrigation and canal systems fell into disrepair during their rule. • Cities shrank and lost population • Constant attacks by Crusaders in West drained resources • Mongols threaten from Northeast

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