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PC Network Architecture: Connection, Components, and Terminology

Learn how to connect a PC to a local area network (LAN) and segment a network into segments. Understand network architecture, physical components, network technologies, and protocols needed for reliable communication. Explore different physical network architectures such as Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, and wireless LAN. Discover network architecture terminology, including network adapter, network port, and network protocols. Learn about Ethernet variations, cable types used with Ethernet, and Ethernet topologies like bus and star. Understand how Ethernet controls data traffic and explore token ring, FDDI, and wireless LANs. Finally, learn how to connect a PC to a network using network interface cards (NICs), bridges, and switches, and how to install NICs and network protocols in Windows.

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PC Network Architecture: Connection, Components, and Terminology

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  1. Chapter 11 PCs on a Network

  2. You Will Learn… • How local networks are structured • How to connect a PC to a LAN and divide a network into segments • How to connect networks to each other

  3. Network Architecture • Describes overall design of the network • Physical components • Network technologies • Interfacing software • Protocols needed to establish reliable communication among nodes

  4. Physical Network Architectures • Ethernet (most popular) • Token ring • FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) • Wireless LAN technology

  5. Network Architecture Terminology • Network adapter • Most often an expansion card called a network interface card (NIC) • Must match type and speed of physical network in use • Network port must match type of connectors used on the network • Network protocols • Hardware protocols (eg, Ethernet, Token Ring) • OS protocols (eg, NetBEUI, TCP/IP) continued…

  6. Network Architecture Terminology • Packets, datagrams, or frames • Packets have maximum size depending on type of network • CRC (cyclical redundancy check) • Technique of calculating and comparing values

  7. Ethernet Variations, Distinguished by Speed • 10-Mbps Ethernet • Uses either shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable, unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable, or coaxial cable • 100-Mbps Ethernet or Fast Ethernet • Uses UTP or STP cable • 100BaseFX uses fiber-optic cable (single-mode, multi-mode, and plastic) • 1000-Mbps Ethernet of Gigabit Ethernet • Uses twisted-pair and fiber-optic cable

  8. Cable Types Used with Ethernet continued…

  9. Cable Types Used with Ethernet

  10. Comparison of Ethernet Version Cable Types

  11. Ethernet Topology • Bus topology • Connects each node in a line • Does not have a centralized point of connection • Star topology • Connects all nodes to a centralized hub • More popular

  12. Ethernet Topology: Bus or Star

  13. Ethernet Using Star Topology

  14. Ethernet Hub

  15. Ethernet UsingStar Bus Topology

  16. Ethernet Network • A passive network • Contention-based system • Each computer contends for an opportunity to transmit on the network • Requires collision control

  17. How Ethernet ControlsData Traffic • CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) • CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) • Token method

  18. Repeaters

  19. Token Ring • Physical star; logical ring • Data packet is preceded by a token • Transmits data at 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps • Uses a centralized device called a MAU (Multistation Access Unit)

  20. Token Ring

  21. FDDI • Use a token that travels in a ring • Data frames travel on the ring without the token • Multiple nodes can have data on the ring at the same time • Provides data transfer at 100 Mbps

  22. Wireless LANs (WLANs) • Make connections using wireless NICs • Include antennas or infrared transmission to send and receive signals in places where networking cables are difficult to install • Can be used in combination with a wired LAN • Standards • 1999 IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi, AirPort) • Bluetooth • Slower than wired networks • Security is an issue

  23. WLANs

  24. Connecting a PC to a Network • Requirements • NIC • Network cable (patch cable) • Device for PC to connect to (eg, hub) • How NICs work and how to install them • How to set up a network protocol • Using bridges and switches to divide a network into segments for improved performance

  25. How NICs Work • Plug into motherboard expansion slot • Provide port(s) on back of card for connection to network • Manage communication and hardware network protocol for the PC

  26. A FDDI Network Card

  27. A Token Ring Network Card

  28. An Ethernet Network Card

  29. How NICs Work • Network in use is transparent to applications software using it • Network card • Sends and receives data to and from system bus in parallel • Sends and receives data to and from network in series • Uses a transceiver for signal conversion • Network nodes are identified by a MAC (Media Access Control) address

  30. Ethernet Combo Card

  31. Network Cards • Requirements • IRQ • I/O address • Upper memory addresses (for DOS and Windows 9x real mode) • May be PnP or can use jumpers or DIP switches to determine resources to request

  32. Considerations When Selecting a Network Card • Speed and type of network (except for wireless connections) • Type of cable (shielded twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic) • Type of slot (PCI or ISA)

  33. Installing a Network Card and Protocol under Windows 9x • Windows 95 supports Ethernet, token ring, and ARCnet networking cards • Windows 98 supports ATM, Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, IrDA, and ARCnet networking cards

  34. Installing a NIC UsingWindows 9x • Set DIP switches or jumpers and physically install the card • Turn on PC; Windows detects and configures new device • Select Device Manager to verify installation • View Properties window to confirm resources • IRQ and I/O address of the card can be found on Resources tab

  35. Using Device Manager to Verify Installation

  36. Installing NetBEUI Using Windows 98

  37. Assigning NetBIOS Names • Only configuration required by NetBEUI • Limited to 15 characters • Windows 9x assumes that a computer name is a NetBIOS name • Access Control Panel; double-click Network icon; click Identification tab

  38. Assigning NetBIOS Names

  39. Assigning NetBIOS Names

  40. Installing a NIC UnderWindows 2000/XP • Windows 2000 automatically detects an installed card and guides installation of drivers • Options for verifying error-free installation • Device Manager • Network and Dial-Up Connections applet in Control Panel • Installing NetBEUI Protocol will automatically bind itself to the NIC providing the connection • Give a host name to the computer

  41. NIC Properties Window Under Windows 2000

  42. Assigning a Host Name Under Windows 2000

  43. Installing a Wireless NIC • Use NIC’s configuration software to specify wireless network parameters • State • Current Channel • Current Tx Rate • Throughput, Link Quality, and Signal Strength • Computer must be within acceptable range of an access point or another wireless device that it will communicate with directly • Distance determined by type of technology used

  44. Wireless NIC Configuration Software

  45. Configuring a Wireless NIC

  46. Changing NIC Functions • Mode • SSID (service set identifier) • Tx Rate • PS Mode

  47. Enabling Encryption on a Wireless LAN

  48. Symptoms of NIC Problems • Cannot make connection to network • Network Neighborhood or My Network Places does not show any other computers on the network • Error message during installation • Device Manager shows yellow exclamation point or red X beside name of NIC • No lights on NIC

  49. Troubleshooting a Network Connection • Check connections in rest of network • Reboot PC and reset network connections • Make sure NIC and its drivers are installed • For TCP/IP network, use ping 127.0.0.1 command to determine whether NIC and IP protocol are working • Check for an IRQ conflict • Check cabling and ports • Confirm most current version of motherboard BIOS

  50. Segmenting a Network • Decreases amount of traffic on overall network • Done through use of bridges and switches • More intelligent than hubs • Make decisions about whether or not to allow traffic to pass, or where to forward that traffic • Use MAC addresses, which they store in routing tables, to determine where to send packets

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