Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance

1. Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance Chapter 12 IB World

2. IB Topic 4: Societies in Transition (1400-1700) • This topic focuses on exploring social change • It centers on the transition from the Medieval to the modern world – a period of dramatic economic, social, and cultural change.

3. Historian Jacob Burckhardt’s Interpretation of the Renaissance (1860) • Argued that the revival of ancient learning in 14th &15th century Italy gave rise to new secular and scientific values. • He established framework for all modern interpretations of the time period.

4. Problem with Burhardt’s (1860) Interpretation of the Renaissance • 1. Most scholars agree that the Renaissance was a transition from Medieval to Modern Times. • 2. Failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment • 3. Christianity prevailed even amongst Humanists (as seen in works of art of the time period).

5. What is the Renaissance? • A transition from Medieval to EarlyModern times. • An Intellectual and artistic movement • “Re-birth” of Art & Culture • Began in Italy, Spread throughout Europe

6. A Shift in Societal Values • During the Middle Ages: • Values based on codes of honor and chivalry that reflected the social relations of the traditional feudal hierarchy. • Social Organization: • Landowners (nobles) • Those who fight (knights) • Those who pray (monks) • Those who work the fields (peasants)

7. A Shift in Societal Values • During the Renaissance: • Values reflected the ambition and pride of the commercial class (the new merchant/middle class) that dominated Italian Society.

8. The Calamitous 14th Century • 1. Social/Demographic/Economic Crisis: • The Black Death (plague) 1347-1351 • 2. Religious Crisis: The Great Schism 1378-1417 • 3 Popes; Break in the Catholic Church • The Italian Renaissance can also be seen as an age of social, economic, political recovery.

9. The Renaissance Began In… • Florence, Italy • 1350-1600

10. The Italian City - States • Independent Principalities: • 1. Milan • 2. Papal States • 3. Kingdom of Naples • 4. Venice • 5. Florence

11. The Growth of Italian City States: Location! Location! Location! • Geographygave Italian city states: • Cultural / Commercial advantage • International trade • 13th-14th Centuries: Trade rich cities becamewealthy“city states”

12. The Growth of Italian City States: Population • By the 1300’s • Florence, Venice, and Milan all had populations of 100,000 people

13. Independent City- States • Under the control of powerful ruling families • Examples: • Mantua, ruled by the Gonzaga family) • Ferrara, ruled by the d’Este family) • Urbino, ruled by the Montefeltro family

14. Why was Florence Italy So Wealthy? • 1. Textile Industry • Florentine Luxury cloth traded throughout Europe & Asia • Employed 30,000 workers

15. Why was Florence, Italy So Wealthy? • 2. Agriculture • In River valleys of Tuscany & Lombardy • Production of grains, wine, vegetables • Agricultural surplus

16. Why was Florence, Italy So Wealthy? • 3. Geographic Location • Proximity to Mediterranean trade routes/International trade • Most prosperous & Wealthy City State • 5th largest city in Europe by mid 1350’s

17. Social Classes and Competition in Florence • 1. Grandi– “old rich” nobles & merchants • 2. PopoloGrosso – “fat people” newly rich merchant class (bankers, capitalists) 5% of population • Challenge the old rich for political power

18. Social Classes in Florence • 3. Middle Burgher/Mediocri– shop owners, professionals, guild masters, artisans • Allied themselves with the new rich • 4. Popolo minuto – “little people” lower economic classes

19. Diversity?Africans of Renaissance Europe: A Painted Record • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgoK2Q56_dE • Princeton University art Museum, 2013 • 10% of population in Renaissance Europe was black • 2% were free

20. Social Inequality in Florence • 1378 Ciompi Revolt (“the wooden shoes”) • Peasants “Popolo minuto “ rebelled against the upper classes • Lower classes ruled Florence for 4 years until…

21. Cosimo de’ Medici • Gained control of Florence in 1434 • Despot – ruled with absolute power • Medici family also known as the “Merchant Princes”

22. Medici Family Background • Were merchants • Gained wealth Through: • 1. Manufacture & commerce of textiles • 2. Banking • Became the Official Bankers of Catholic Church

23. How did the de Medici Family Gain Power? • Cosimo de’ Medici became involved in politics – position of Head of the Office of Public Debt • Medici Family used friendships, bribery, corruption, intimidation to maintain power

24. How did the de Medici Maintain Power? • Amici degli amici (friends of friends) People befriended de Medici’s friends in order to gain status/ belong to “in crowd” • Enemies of the de’ Medici: usedintimidation tactic Brutta Figura • Public humiliation against enemies

25. Cosimo de Medici, a Patron of the Art • Cosimo de’ Medici Sponsored artists to produce great works of art • To beautify city • For personal collection • Medici Library Fillipo Brunnelleschi (architect)

26. Cosimo’s Grandson Lorenzo “the Magnificent” (r. 1478-1492) • continued tradition • Paid artists to beautify city • Medici “godfathers of the Renaissance”

27. Introduction to the House of Medici

28. Maintaining Power & Social Status in Renaissance Italy • Marriage an alliance of powerful, wealthy families • Marriages reinforced status & power • See Document 2.1:

29. Document Analysis • “Marriage Negotiations: The Strozzi, 1464-65” • *Thoughts & Reactions regarding doc. • 1. Origin? • 2. Purpose? • 3. Values? • 4. Limitations?

30. Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 • What does this painting tell us about marriage, wealth, and social status?

31. Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 • Artist: Piero della Francesca • Federico da Montefeltro & his 2nd wife, Battista • Marriage: he was 35, she 13!!! • Had 7 daughters • She died at 26 at the birth of 7th child.

32. ABOUT the Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 • http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/piero-della-francesca-portraits-of-the-duke-and-duchess-of-urbino.html

33. Pages 285-289 Grey book Pages 321-327 Yellow book ii. Humanism

34. What is Humanism? • A personal attitude towards life & learning • Features of Humanism: • 1. A revival of Classical Antiquity • 2. Individualism -celebration of the individual/individual achievement • Virtu- the ability to make an impact in one’s chosen field or Endeavour. • 3. Secularism- people and objects in the world are important

35. Features of Humanism • 1. A Revival of Classical Antiquity • Re-discovery of Greek & Roman art, culture, literature, philosophy

36. Features of Humanism • 2. Individualism- A Revived Emphasis On Individual Ability • L’uomo Universale “Universal Person” • Capable of achievements in many areas of his life • “well rounded education” • “A celebration of the individual” and his achievements

37. Features of Humanism • 3. Secularism- • the secular world (not associated with religion) gained importance, however, Christianity still a big part of daily life • example: some artists produced works of art that are not religious in nature.

38. The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… • Humanism AnIntellectual Movement • 1. based on the study of the classical works of ancient Greece & Rome • 2. That advocated Studia Humanitatis (Liberal Studies) • 3. & celebrated individual achievements

39. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) “Father of Humanism” Italian Renaissance Humanist Scholar, poet, credited with the re-discovery of classical works.

40. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) - Works • 1. Letters to the Ancient Dead – Cicero, Livy,Vergil • 2. Lives of Illustrious Men – biographies of Roman men

42. Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) • Italian Renaissance Humanist • Describes humans as free to become whatever they choose • “…We have made thee neither of heaven nor of earth, neither mortal or immortal, so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as though the maker and molder of thyself, thou mayest fashion thyself in whatever shape you shall prefer.”

43. Humanists Believed In… • A Well rounded liberal Studies education • Studia Humanitas– grammar, rhetoric, logic, philosophy, history, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, & Music

44. Education in the Renaissance • Concerning Character by Pietro Paolo Vergerio • Stressed the importance of Liberal Studies as key to true freedom, enabling individuals to reach their true potential.

45. Therefore, An Ideal “Renaissance Man” Is.. • 1. Well educated (studia humanitas) • 2. Has “Virtu “ (overachiever) • 3. Self- Confident Individual • 4. Inspired by the “Classics” (ancient Greek & Roman World) • 5. Religious, but sees beauty in the secular (non-religious)

46. Shift from “Civic Ideal” of Humanism to “Princely Ideal” • Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier (1518) and Machiavelli’s the Prince (1513) • Focus on qualities and strategies necessary for attaining and holding social and & political power (Princely ideal).

47. Baldassare Castiglioni Promotes Secular Models for Individual and Political Behavior • Wrote: The Book of the Courtier (1528 ) • A social “handbook” • Depicted social “do’s & dont’s ” for nobles

48. Castiglione’s Ideal “Renaissance Man” Must… • 1. Possess Impeccable character, grace, & be of noble birth • 2.Cultivate achievements do not hide accomplishments, but be modest. • 3. Have a well rounded Education- arts, music , science, politics, etc. • 4.Participate in the Military – Serve Prince w/ loyalty, honesty

49. Castiglione’s Ideal “Renaissance Woman” Must… • 1. Be attractive • 2. Be well educated, able to paint, dance, and play a musical instrument • 3. Not participate in political, artistic, or literary affairs (discussions) • 4. Be an “ornament” to her upper class husband • Portrait of a Lady, 1475

50. Christine de Pisan (1364-1430) • Wrote: The Treasure of the City of Ladies (1405) • A history of women designed to refute men’s myths about females • As male scholars debated women’s role in society