Skeleton

1. Skeleton

2. Endoskeleton's Humans have an endoskeleton an endoskeleton is an internal support system that functions to support the body and provide sites of attachments for muscles protection is provided by other means. An endoskeleton may be comprised of cartilage or bone it is found in amphibians fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.

3. Endoskeleton Skeletal systems come in many forms. You have a skeleton inside of your body (endoskeleton) made up of bones. Your skeletal system does not work alone. We already mentioned the interaction with your muscular system. Muscles connect to your skeleton and they contract and move the skeleton along. Your skeletal system is made up of cartilage and calcified bone that work together.

4. Exoskeleton An exoskeleton is a hard covering that supports and protects the bodies of some types of animals. The word exoskeleton means “outside skeleton.” Many invertebrates, or animals without backbones, have exoskeletons. Insects are the largest group of animals that have an exoskeleton .

5. Joints and Muscles Did you know you have more than 600 muscles in your body? They do everything from pumping blood throughout your body to helping you lift your heavy backpack. You control some of your muscles, while others — like your heart — do their jobs without you thinking about them at all. Muscles are all made of the same material, a type of elastic tissue (sort of like the material in a rubber band). Thousands, or even tens of thousands, of small fibers make up each muscle.

6. Ball And Socket Joint Ball and socket joints are the most mobile type of joint in our body. Ball-and-socket joints are classified functionally as multiaxial joints because they can move bones along several axes. The muscles that surround the joints permit the humorous and femur to move away from the body’s midline (abduction), toward the body’s midline (adduction), forward (flexion), and backwards (extension). The humorous and femur can also move around the joint in a full circle (circumduction) as well as rotate both medially and laterally around their axis. Other parts of the body, such as the wrist and ankles, require at least two separate joints working together to achieve all of the movements of the ball-and-socket joints.

7. Hinge Joint Similar to the elbow, the ankle joint forms a hinge joint between the tibia and fibula in the lower leg and the talus bone in the foot. The medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula form a bony socket around the talus to limit the movement of the foot to one axis. Four accessory ligaments, including the deltoid ligament, hold the bones together and reinforce the joint to withstand the stresses of supporting the body’s weight while standing, walking, or running.

8. Pivot Joint There are only three pivot joints in the human body: one in the neck at the base of the skull and one in each elbow. The pivot joint in the neck, called the atlanto-axial joint, allows the head to rotate back and forth and from side to side. Trauma, infections, arthritis, syndromes and some diseases can cause instability in this area. Down syndrome is one such example; people with Down’s tend to have looser ligaments, including those around this pivot joint. Instability in this area needs to be watched because all of the nerves passing between the brain and spine lie near this joint and can be damaged if instability is pronounced.

9. Invertebrates About 97 percent of all known animal species are invertebrates. Many of these species are classified in one of eight basic groups (although it should be noted that these basic groups provide a simple overview of invertebrates; there are in fact over 30 phyla of invertebrates). This article explores invertebrate classification in order to better understand the diversity and common characteristics of invertebrates.

10. Fish • Fish are aquatic vertebrates that have skin covered with scales, two sets of paired fins, some unpaired fins, and a set of gills. Fish do not represent a single clade but are instead paraphyletic. They include hagfishes, lampreys, lobe-finned fishes, cartilaginous fishes and ray-finned fishes.

11. Birds • There are some 9,700 species of birds alive today that inhabit a wide range of habitats including wetlands, woodlands, mountains, deserts, tundra, coasts and the open ocean. To better understand the immense diversity of birds, it is useful to examine the main groups of birds. Although there are several different ways experts classify birds into subgroups, on this website we recognize that there are 30 groups of birds.

12. Reptiles • Reptiles are a group of cold-blooded tetrapod vertebrates that diverged from ancestral amphibians about 340 million years ago. There are two characteristics that distinguished early reptiles from amphibians and enabled them to colonize terrestrial habitats more extensively than their ancestors, scales and the ability to lay hard-shelled amniotic eggs. Scales protect reptiles from abrasion and loss of body moisture.

13. Mammals • The different types of mammals are classified into 21 groups including aardvarks, anteaters, bats, carnivores, cetaceans, elephants, marsupials, monotremes, primates, rodents, treeshrews and many others. This article explores mammal classification in order to better understand their diversity and common characteristics.