The Nazis Take Power

1. The Nazis Take Power Lesson starter: How many votes did the Nazis have by 1932? Who were the Nazis’ main competition?

2. Today we will… • Explain how Hitler became Chancellor • Explain the events of the Reichstag Fire • Identify the steps leading to a Nazi dictatorship

3. I can… • Create a timeline which shows how Hitler became Führer of Germany

4. Step 1: Hitler becomes Chancellor30 January 1933 • The Nazis were now the biggest party in the Reichstag • They were constantly trying to manipulate the decision making process • President Hindenburg offered Hitler the job of vice-chancellor and he refused • Two right wing politicians convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler Chancellor • This made him the head of the Reichstag (parliament)

5. General Von Schleicher I hate Hitler…but he could be useful to me… President Hindenburg I don’t trust Hitler…but If I make him chancellor maybe I could keep a closer eye on him? Franz Von Papen I know I can use Hitler to my advantage..If I side with Hitler the Nazi voters will like me too…

6. Therefore, In January 1933 Hitler was handed the most important job in Germany, the head of the German parliament

7. Step 2: The Reichstag Fire27 February 1933 • Although Hitler was now chancellor, the Nazis still didn’t have a majority of the seats in the Reichstag – so the Nazis couldn’t make laws • Hitler called a new election for 5 March 1933 to try and get a majority of the votes • On the night of the 27 February, the Reichstag building went up in flames…

8. German Parliament building

11. The police arrested a 24 year old Dutch man Marinus Van der Lubbe • He had firelighters and matches in his pocket • The Nazi party sprung into action • Dr Geobbels announced Van der Lubbe was a Communist • Hitler immediately blamed the Communists

12. “There will be no mercy now. Every Communist official will be shot where he is found. Everybody supporting the Communists must be arrested.”

13. Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to declare a State of Emergency (Article 48 of the Weimar constitution ) • That meant normal rules did not apply (Germans lost their rights i.e right to free press) • The SA and police rounded up Communists and imprisoned them • Around 4000 Communists were arrested within hours • Communists were banned from the Reichstag • Newspapers and letters were censored • The German people were bombarded with anti-Communist propaganda

14. Results of the Reichstag Fire: Copy • The Communists were rounded up, arrested and effectively banned; meaning the Nazi’s main opponents were gone • The German people lost their Civil Rights, such as privacy, freedom of speech and free press due to the use of Article 48 • Both these actions helped the Nazis to win more seats in the election of 5 March 1933, increasing their share of the vote from 33 per cent to 44 per cent. • This gave the Nazis and their allies, the German National People's Party (who won 8 per cent of the vote), a majority of 52 per cent in the Reichstag • The Nazis & the SA were then able to intimidate any remaining members of the Reichstag to sign over their power to Hitler (The Enabling Act), allowing him to pass his own laws

15. Reichstag Fire a conspiracy?Don’t use in your answers though! • The Reichstag fire was so beneficial to the Nazis that it has been suggested they started it themselves.  • It emerged there was an underground passage linking the Reichstag with offices used by Nazi members • Some who gave evidence against Van der Lubbe were Nazis • Most historians agree that Van der Lubbe was ‘set up’ by the Nazis

16. N5 Question Describe the events of the Reichstag Fire. 4 marks Time: 9 minutes.

17. Marking scheme • The Reichstag went up in flames on the night of 27th February 1933 • A Dutch communist Van der Lubbe was arrested for arson • He was found at the scene with matches and firelighters • After the fire Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to use Article 48 • Civil Rights were suspended ie. Freedom of speech • The SA rounded up & imprisoned 4000 Communists within hours • Germans were bombarded with anti-Communist propaganda • Communist deputies were banned from the Reichstag • In the March election the Nazis gained 44% of the vote • They formed a coalition government with the German National Peoples Party, giving them 52%

18. Hitler Takes PowerStep 3: Getting Rid of democracy

19. 1. The Enabling Act – 24 March 1933 • Hitler convinced the remaining members of the Reichstag to hand him over more power • This gave him the right to pass laws without the President’s authorisation • This meant Germany was now more like a dictatorship than a democracy, with only one person making important decisions: Hitler

20. 2. 2nd May 1933 • Hitler banned Trade Unions • This meant workers had little say in their jobs –they did as Hitler said

21. 3. 14th July 1933 • Hitler banned all other political parties • The only party that could stand for election were the Nazis • Most opposition politicians like the Socialists were sent to camps • Germany was now a one-party state

22. This memorial outside the Reichstag remembers all the ex Members of Parliament who died in concentration camps

23. Step 4: The Night of the Long Knives30 June 1934 • Now Hitler had wiped out the competition in Germany he now wanted to get rid of any ‘threats’ within the party • He used the newly formed SS to kill anyone who had annoyed him in the past, such as Von Kahr from the Beer Hall Putsch and many SA members

24. On 30th June 1934 the murders of any ‘threats’ to Hitler were carried out • Hitler claimed these people were trying to overthrow him • Around 400 people were killed under Hitler’s orders Ernst Röhm was one of those shot dead

25. The Night of the Long Knives Now I have got rid of opposition political groups, I can now deal with opposition in my party. Ernst Rohm (an old friend), head of the S.A. is very unpopular with the German army leaders. They have the power to overthrow me. I’ve been worried about Rohm for a while, so this is a good excuse to bump him off. June 1934

27. Step 5: President Hindenburg Dies2nd August 1934 • Hindenburg’s death truly marked the end of a democratic Germany • Hitler took the step of combining the roles of President and Chancellor • This new role would be ‘Der Führer’ – The Leader • Within hours of Hindenburg’s death Hitler arranged for each army member to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler • Now Hitler truly was completely in charge of Germany

28. Army officers taking an oath loyalty to Hitler

29. TASK STAGE 2: Now take a new page and WITHOUT using your notes recall the 5 key steps in the Nazi consolidation of power. STAGE 1: Write 5 detailed sentences summarising how the Nazis consolidated power in Germany… (you may use your notes). STAGE 3: Peer assess your 5 key steps against your detailed sentences. Have you correctly identified the steps? Are they in the correct order? Do you have the dates noted down?

30. Group Tasks… • Step 1 – Hitler becomes German Chancellor • Step 2 – The Reichstag Fire • Step 3 – Getting Rid of Democracy • Step 4 – The Night of the Long Knives

31. Your Task… • Become an ‘expert’ in your stage of the process • Return to home teams and stage by stage, learn from group members about the stages before/ after • Academic Task – Identify stages of Hitler becoming dictator • Social Task – Active Listening, communicating ideas

32. Task: Timeline of Hitler Taking Power • Create a timeline which shows the steps in establishing the Nazi dictatorship • It should start on 30th January 1933 • It should end on 2nd August 1934 • It should contain six key steps • Each one should be as detailed as possible 2nd August 1934 30th Jan 1933

33. Optional Task • Design a newspaper front page reporting about the Reichstag Fire the previous night • You will need to decide whether to give your views from a pro-Hitler or anti-Hitler stance • You should create a newspaper name, headline, etc as well as text and pictures.