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Planning a Nursing Study: Methodologic Challenges and Design Considerations

This chapter provides an overview of the conceptual, financial, administrative, practical, ethical, and clinical aspects of planning a nursing study. It discusses the major methodologic challenge of designing reliable, valid, and trustworthy studies. The criteria for evaluating quantitative research, dimensions of trustworthiness in qualitative studies, and factors creating bias are also explored. The chapter further examines research control, randomness, masking, reflexivity, generalizability, and transferability. It concludes with an overview of research design features, comparisons, location, and retrospective versus prospective designs. The importance of pilot studies in feasibility testing is also emphasized.

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Planning a Nursing Study: Methodologic Challenges and Design Considerations

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  1. Chapter 8Planning a Nursing Study

  2. Conceptual Financial Administrative Practical Ethical Clinical Methodologic Key Challenges of Doing Research

  3. Major Methodologic Challenge Designing studies that are: • Reliable and valid (quantitative studies) • Trustworthy (qualitative studies)

  4. Criteria for Evaluating Quantitative Research • Reliability The accuracy & consistency of obtained information • Validity The soundness of the evidence—whether findings are convincing, well-grounded

  5. Dimensions of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Studies • Credibility • Confirmability • Dependability • Transferability

  6. Bias An influence producing a distortion in study results Examples of factors creating bias: • Lack of participants’ candor • Faulty methods of data collection • Researcher’s preconceptions • Faulty study design

  7. Research Control in Quantitative Studies Achieved by holding constant factors (extraneous variables) that influence the dependent variable in order to better understand its relationship with the independent variable Randomness—An important tool for achieving control over extraneous variables

  8. Randomness • Having certain features of the study established by chance rather than by design or personal preference

  9. Masking or Blinding • Used to avoid biases stemming from participants’ or research agents’ awareness of study hypotheses or research status. • Single-blind studies • Double-blind studies

  10. Reflexivity • Process of reflecting critically on the self and of scrutinizing personal values that could affect data collection and interpretation

  11. Generalizability and Transferability Generalizability (Quantitative research): The extent to which study findings are valid for other groups not in the study Transferability (Qualitative research): The extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other settings

  12. Overview of Research Design Features Comparisons: • Comparison among two or more groups • Comparison of one group’s status at two or more points in time • Comparison of one group’s status under different circumstances • Comparison based on relative rankings • Comparison with other studies

  13. Research Location • Site selections • Site visits

  14. Design • Cross-sectional: Involves data collection at one point in time • Longitudinal: Involves data collection at two or more points over an extended period – Trend studies – Panel studies – Follow-up studies

  15. Retrospective Design Versus Prospective Design • Retrospective design: Involves the collection of data about an outcome in the present and about possible causes or antecedents in the past • Prospective design: Involves having information about a cause or antecedent first and then the subsequent collection of information about outcomes

  16. Pilot Study (Feasibility Study) • Small-scale version or trial run designed to test methods to be used in a larger, more rigorous study (the parent study)

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