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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. Chapter 1. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. The study of the structure of vertebrates The study of the functional significance of the structure So… we will be dealing with STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of different structures, organs, and organ systems! .

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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

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  1. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Chapter 1

  2. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy • The study of the structure of vertebrates • The study of the functional significance of the structure • So… we will be dealing with STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of different structures, organs, and organ systems!

  3. TERMS TO KNOW! • Ontogeny: development of an individual • Phylogeny: ancestral history of a group of individuals • ONTOGENY RECAPITULATES PHYLOGENY… • Is it correct?

  4. The Phylum Chordata • What is a chordate? • Do animals either have a backbone OR not have a backbone? Is there any “inbetween” (We have vertebrates and invertebrates… is there anything else?) • What about those marine organisms that are transitional between the two? (Protochordates)

  5. PROTOCHORDATES • Have NO vertebral column • BUT, they do have… • Notochord • Dorsal Hollow Central Nervous System • Pharynx with paired pouches and clefts in the embryo stage at least

  6. The Phylum Chordata • The characteristics of protochordates are so important to the structure of vertebrates that they are the first to develop in vertebrate embryos • Without the characteristics of protochordates no vertebrate could proceed beyond the earliest levels of embryonic development • So… protochordates and vertebrateshave been combined into a single taxon… • Phylum CHORDATA

  7. Vertebrate Body • Head: contains sense organs for monitoring the external environment, brain, jaws, gills (in fish) • Trunk: contains a cavity (coelom) • Tail: commences at the anus or vent, not all vertebrates have a tail • Paired appendages: pectoral and pelvic, can be vestigial

  8. Vertebrate Characteristics • Notochord (at least in embryo stage) • Pharynx with pouches or slits (at least in embryo stage) • Dorsal hollow central nervous system • Vertebral column • “Big Four” vertebrate characteristics • 1st 3 are chordate features, 4th is unique

  9. Notochord • The first skeletal structures to appear in vertebrate embryos • Begins as a tube of living cells • Extends from midbrain to tip of tail • In head: becomes part of the skull • Trunk and Tail: gets surrounded by cartilaginous or bony vertebrate

  10. Pharynx • Produces gills of fishes, lungs of tetrapods, skeleton and muscle of jaws, endocrine glands, produces the middle ear cavity, and cells of the immune system • Slits may be permanent or develop into something else • Temporary if the animal lives on land • Page 7 in Kent

  11. Nervous System • Contains brain and spinal cord • Rises from a neural groove (from dorsal surface) • Groove closes and becomes the neural tube • Wider at top…. Why? • Neurulation: formation of neural tube and brain • Peripheral nervous system forms last

  12. Other Vertebrate Characteristics • Integument: skin (epidermis and dermis) • Respiratory Mechanism: exchange of gases • Coelom: true body cavity • Digestive System: digestive tract , liver, gallbladder, pancreas; terminates in a cloaca and/or anus • Urogenital Organs: kidneys, gonads • Circulatory System • Skeleton • Muscles • Sense Organs

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