The Place of Origin

1. The Place of Origin • The religion of Islam originated on the Arabian Peninsula. • The region has a desert climate and the people who settled down in the area were known as the Bedouins. • By the 7th century AD these people had began to settle into towns around oasis and market towns.

3. Mohammad Early Life • It was in this desert region that the founder of Islam was born around 570 AD. • He received little schooling and at a young age began working in the caravan trade. • At 25 he began working as a trader and manager for a businesswoman named Khadijah. They would later marry.

5. Muhammad’s Vision • Muhammad’s life was changed literally overnight when a voice called to him while he meditated. • According to Muslim belief the voice was the angel Gabriel. • This voice told Muhammad to proclaim the name of the “Lord and Cherisher.”

6. A Question • Around what year was Muhammad born and what was his first job? a. 613 herdsman b. 540 statesman c. 570 caravan trader d. 200 carpenter

7. Muhammad the Prophet • After some soul searching Muhammad deciding that he was the last prophet and began his ministry. • Muhammad was forced to leave Mecca. He and his followers then migrated to Medina. This became known as the Hijrah. • In Medina he gained many devoted followers and was able to triumphantly return to Mecca.

8. Beliefs and Practices of Islam Islam= the religion Muslim= the followers The Five Pillars: • Faith- a Muslim has to testify that “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah • Prayer- 5 times a day • Alms- give to those less fortunate • Fasting- during Ramadan • Pilgrimage- this is to Mecca also known as the hajj.

10. Qur’an • The Qur’an is the holy book of the Muslims. • It was written in Arabic and the Muslims considered this to be the only true version.

11. Assignment • Create a Venn Diagram explaining the differences and similarities of the three monotheistic religions we have studied. Remember these include Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.

12. Islam Expands How Islam became one of the dominant religions of the world.

13. Setting the Stage • Muhammad died in 632. This left the Muslim world in a crisis. • They believed it was their duty to carry Muhammad’s message to the world, but they had no clear leader.

15. The First Caliph • To stop the crisis the Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr as the first caliph or successor. • He invoked a jihad or struggle to expand the Muslim faith. • By his death in 634 Muslims controlled all of Arabia. The next three caliphs Umar, Uthman, and Ali expanded the Muslim Empire to over 6000 square miles.

18. Reasons for Success • The Muslim armies were well disciplined and had excellent leaders. • Another reason was the persecution suffered by the people under the Byzantine Empire. These people often welcomed the invaders.

19. Treatment of Conquered People • Because the Qu’ran forbade forced conversion, Muslims allowed conquered people to follow their own religion. • Christians and Jews received special treatment because they were considered people of the book. • They had to pay a special poll tax to be exempt from military duty.

20. Islam Divides • Due to conflicts over how the Qu’ran should be interpreted the religion of Islam divided into two groups. • These two groups are the Sunni and Shiite.

22. The Culture and Contributions of Islam

23. Four Social Classes • The Upper Class: Included those who were Muslim at birth. • The Second Class: Included those who were converts to Islam. • The Third Class: The protected people (Jews and Christians) • The Lower Class: These were the slaves.

24. Role of Women • The Qu’ran says “men are the managers of the affairs of women.” • However, it declares men and women, as believers, to be equal. • Women were given certain rights when it came to marriage, family, and property. • They had more economic freedom than women in many other societies.

26. Role of Women Continued • Women are expected to submit to men. • Women’s responsibility varied with the income of their husband. • Overtime women in the Muslim world were forced into increasing isolation.

27. House of Wisdom • The prophet Muhammad believed strongly in the power of knowledge therefore education was very important. • In Baghdad there was a building that housed a library, academy, and translation center was built. This was the House of Wisdom.

28. Arts and Sciences • Literature: The Qu’ran is the standard for all Muslim literature. The most popular literature includes A Thousand and One Arabian Nights. • Art and Architecture: calligraphy or the art of beautiful hand writing was started by Muslims.

31. Medical Advances • Medical: al-Razi was Islam’s most famous doctor. Wrote two important books on medicine called the Comprehensive Book and a Treatise on Smallpox and Measles. • Math: Muslims started a field of math called algebra.

33. Note Review • Describe how religion effected the four social classes of the Islamic people. • How has the role of women changed in the Islamic world? • What was the House of Wisdom? • What is the standard for all Islamic literature? • What is the most famous book in the Islamic world? • What is calligraphy? • Who was al-Razi? • What field of math did the Muslims invent?

34. The Crusades Why did the Crusades occur and what were their affects?

36. The Beginning • In 1093 Pope Urban II issued a call for a “holy war” to regain control of the Holy Land. • The Holy Land was now under Muslim rule. • The pope’s call and his statement that anyone who died in the crusade was assured a place in heaven caused many to sign up.

38. Goals of the Crusade • Regain Holy Land • Reunite the Christendom • Prevent the destruction of the Byzantine Empire. • The Kings of Europe wanted more power. • Money

40. First and Second Crusade • The First Crusade: The Christian army was largely made up of French soldiers, though there were many Germans. • In 1099 they besieged Jerusalem. On July 15, 1099 they captured it. • Eventually, the city was retaken by the Turks. A second Crusade was arranged but was beaten by the Muslim general Saladin.

43. The Third Crusade • This crusade was led by the three most powerful monarchs in Europe. • They were Philip II of France, Fredrick I of Germany, and Richard the Lion Hearted of England. • They did not stay together. Philip II went home mad, Fredrick I drowned.

45. 3rd Crusade Continued • This left Richard to square off against Saladin. • These two brilliant generals would fight many battles. Eventually in 1182 they called a truce.

47. Review • How were the Roman and Byzantine Emperors alike and different? • Of the 88 Byzantine Emperors how many were killed? • Who became emperor in 527? • What was his main goal? • Describe the four parts of the Justinian Code.

48. Review • What did Justinian want Constantinople to become? • What was the Hagia Sophia? • Who was Empress Theodora? • Why did the Byzantine Empire fall? • What was the Schism? • How did it begin?

49. Review • What was the last straw that caused the split? • What was the result of the split? • What was the first unified territory in Russia? • Who was Princess Olga? • What religion did she convert to? • Who was Vladimir?

50. Review • What religion did he convert to and why? • Who invaded Russia in the 1200’s? • Who was their original leader? • How large was the Mongol Empire? • Who was Ivan III? • What were his goals? • When did the Russian Empire begin?