February 1, 2006 Juan Torres Manager Energy Systems Analysis jjtorre@sandia 505-844-0809

1. Electric Transmission and Distribution 5 Year R&D NeedsInput to Panel 2DOE Workshop for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 February 1, 2006 Juan Torres Manager Energy Systems Analysis jjtorre@sandia.gov 505-844-0809 Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

2. Research Topics • Control, Stability and Reliability • Cyber Security • Energy Storage • Microgrids • Simulation and Visualization

3. Control, Stability and Reliability(Power Electronics) • Need to increase device rating (voltage, current, switching frequencies) to accommodate high power controls. • Advanced control methodologies and technologies are needed to better coordinate multiple systems. • Test facilities are needed to validate control strategies and system response for high power electronics and distributed control methodologies. • Advanced topologies with better thermal management designs are needed. • Overall system life cycle costs need to be comparable or less than current system cost to be more marketable.

4. 230 kV 345 kV 500 kV 35 33 32 30 31 74 80 79 66 75 78 72 76 69 v v 77 82 81 36 84 85 86 83 162 112 161 156 157 114 11 5 167 155 165 44 159 158 6 45 160 115 166 163 18 17 118 13 8 12 7 108 119 138 139 109 9 107 14 37 110 104 63 64 103 147 3 143 4 154 146 102 142 56 48 153 151 145 136 49 47 140 152 19 150 141 149 57 42 43 50 16 15 Control, Stability and Reliability(FACTS) • Advanced FACTS devices that incorporate energy storage and SCADA systems capable of controlling multiple FACTS in a control area to increase stability, reliability and reduce bottlenecks. • Inexpensive sensor systems capable of real time monitoring and management or correction of voltage and current in transmission and distribution systems. • Philosophy, design and application of secure communication systems (energy and cyber security, system survivability).

5. Context for Cyber Security • “Securing DCS/SCADA is a national priority.” The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, The White House, February 2003. • Roadmap to Secure Control Systems in the Energy Sector • Industry / Government collaboration • Vision: In 10 years, control systems for critical applications will be designed, installed, operated, and maintained to survive an intentional cyber assault with no loss of critical function. • Strategic framework featuring four main goals • Measure and Assess Security Posture • Develop and Integrate Protective Measures • Detect Intrusion and Implement Response Strategies • Sustain Security Improvements • Sustained industry/academia/government research and development program needed to support this plan.

6. Risk assessment Security posture self assessment Security event management Analytical tools to model system architecture efficacy Identify, prioritize, and address top control system vulnerabilities “Test harness” to evaluate security solutions Cyber attack and response simulators Interoperability protocols for component compatibility Automated security monitoring and remediation Intrusion detection systems w/audit trails and automatic reporting Security capability checklists Best Practices for connecting to business systems Baseline security requirements at multiple levels Establish security metrics Encryption solutions for legacy systems High speed cryptographic module “Plug and play” components with built-in security and compatibility Design requirements for IDS/IPS firewalls and OSs Sensors and sensor systems with anonymous reporting mechanisms Secure wireless solutions for control systems Cyber Security R&D Needs

7. Energy Storage • Distributed energy storage systems can: • Reduce congestion • Improve power quality and system stability • Provide load leveling for utility and customer • Improve asset utilization • Provide transition time between a problem and an outage • Improve demand response • Enable intermittent supply technologies (e.g. wind) • Energy Storage R&D needs • Improve system reliability, reduce system cost, reduce system size and weight • Develop control philosophies that utilize multiple energy storage systems to maximize grid benefits • Improve understanding of benefits and applications of energy storage systems, particularly for systems addressing multiple applications • Large scale (>100MWh) storage systems • Basic research into novel energy storage technologies using advanced materials and manufacturing techniques • Prepare for joint DOE OE – BES storage workshop in FY07

8. Microgrids • Microgrid Benefits: • Distributed generation with fuel diversity can enhance energy security. • Microgrids allow integration of these DER sources that can be geographically dispersed and use diverse fuels. • Microgrid R&D Needs: • Requires advanced techniques for protection and for frequency and voltage control. • Can build on CERTS Microgrid protection and control experience. • Microgrid control, operation and demonstration. • Microgrid integration into utility business model. • Standards development for grid interconnection.

9. Simulation and Visualization R&D Needs • Simulations to better understand consequences of and mitigation for computer and network based disruptions. • Simulations and tools to better understand how to make interdependencies more robust. • Visualization to provide operators and decision makers with a better understanding of the state of the infrastructure for improved disruption management.

10. Next Steps • R&D needs prioritization • Clear definition of • Federal role • Private sector role • Metrics to measure impact of R&D