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Welcome to the 4th conference of Alliances to fight poverty

Welcome to the 4th conference of Alliances to fight poverty. All documents you will find on alliancestofightpoverty.wordpress.com. The need for other democratic economic and social models Robert Salais University of Nantes France. Travail, capacités et politique des libertés.

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Welcome to the 4th conference of Alliances to fight poverty

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  1. Welcometo the 4th conference of Alliancestofightpoverty

  2. All documents youwillfind on alliancestofightpoverty.wordpress.com

  3. The need for other democraticeconomic and social models Robert Salais University of Nantes France

  4. Travail, capacités et politique des libertés Robert Salais Séminaire de travail Dublin, 10 et 11 Mai 2012

  5. Le carré magique de la capacité POUVOIR D’AGIR VOICE DEMOCRATIE LIBERTE RELLE RESPONSABILITE

  6. Préliminaires I • Amartya Sen: Pour une personne, l’étendue de ses capacités équivaut à l’étendue de la liberté réelle qu’elle a de mener la vie qu’elle a raison de valoriser (”the life she has reason to value”) • Sen met en avant un principe de justice, l’égalité en liberté réelle, laquelle doit être indexée à la situation de chacun, ses aspirations, ses choix et évaluée par l’étendue (et la qualité) des opportunités ou possibilités réellement accessibles ici et maintenant • L’extension des libertés réelles comme fin et comme moyen du développement économique et social (de la justice à l’efficience) • Une vie peut être définie par un ensemble de fonctionnements (functionings), i.e. des activités à la poursuite et à la réalisation desquelles une personne accorde de la valeur • Question: l’activité de travail peut-elle être considérée comme ayant de la valeur pour une personne et être ajoutée à la liste de fonctionnements de valeur, au sein d’une société? Et si oui, comment?

  7. Les 4 dimensions de la capacité (forment un tout) • Capacité de choix: donner toute sa place aux raisons d’agir de la personne • Conditions de travail et de vie (avoir et élever des enfants par exemple), environnement professionnel, rémunération, contenu du travail, perspective futures • Capacité de réalisation: un pouvoir d’être et de faire • Réaliser les activités auxquelles on accorde la valeur dans l’étendue et les résultats attendus, dans le travail et dans la vie • Une justification des services et politiques publics • Capacité comme potentiel d’accomplissement • Valeur accordée à pouvoir réaliser des accomplissements et contenus toujours plus riches de sens • Travailler s’inscrit dans une perspective d’accomplissement de soi • Le produit ou le service comme prolongement de l’acte de travail (fondement des droits économiques des travailleurs) • Capacité à délibérer et à revendiquer (voice) • Une exigence fondamentale de Sen: la démocratie des choix • … qui doit disposer des ressources, des droits et des procédures nécessaires, dans le travail comme hors du travail • Expression individuelle et collective; vers une neutralisation des asymétries de pouvoir

  8. Préliminaires II • Les 4 dimensions de la capacité • la capacité de choix • la capacité de réalisation • la capacité comme potentiel d’accomplissement • la capacité à délibérer et à revendiquer (voice) • Déterminer les capacités auxquelles une collectivité accorde de la valeur • Un processus démocratique • Une conception et une mise en œuvre de politiques adéquates au développement des capacités • Un concernement de la collectivité et de chacun de ses membres de former, préserver, développer les capacités de chacun, avec des ressources, selon des formes et des procédures dont l’adéquation aux fins soit publiquement délibérée, évaluée et, si nécessaire, ajustée

  9. Ensuite… • La représentation du travail • La capability for voice • Le citoyen capable et l’unité de la personne • Représentations verticale / horizontale • Procédures et pratiques démocratiques • Les bases informationnelles des décisions • L’enquête délibérative comme processus de constitution d’un public • Etat situé et capacitation

  10. Publications sur l’approche par les capacités (une entrée) • Amartya Sen, 2000, Un nouveau modèle économique. Développement, justice, liberté, Paris, Odile Jacob • Jean De Munck et Bénédicte Zimmermann, s. dir., 2008, La liberté au prisme des capacités. Amartya Sen au-delà du libéralisme, Paris; Editions de l’EHESS • Agnès Bourgouin et Robert Salais, 2011, Le travail réinventé. Un défi pour l’Europe, Nantes, CAPRIGHT (http://www.capright.eu) • Revue Formation et Emploi, 2011, La flexsécurité à l’aune des capacités, N° 113, 1, CEREQ • Ralf Rogowski, Robert Salais, Noel Whiteside, eds., 2012, Transforming European Employemnt Policiy. Labour Markets Transition and the Promotion of Capability, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar • Ota de Leonardis, Serafino Negrelli, Robert Salais, eds., 2012, Democracy and capability for voice. Welfare, work and public deliberation in Europe, Brussels, PIA-Peter Lang à paraître, juillet

  11. The capability toolbox at the level of the person Conversion factors within the situation: institutional social economic work and life organisation personal Freedom of choice Participation to the decisional process Valuable outcomes Resources Capabilities No person can be considered as responsible of his/her future without effective freedom of choice and without being put in a position to achieve a valuable outcome The more capabilities a person has, the more responsible can she be considered; idem, the less …., the less

  12. Capabilities of the person in situation (scope of effective freedom, accomplishment and participation) THE CAPABILITY APPROACH (DERIVED FROM Amartya SEN) Diagram 1. How to conceive policies? Two conceptions of the relationship between public policy and evaluationImproving the power of conversion of means into achievement of valuable outcomes Achievement of valuable outcomes for the person (ex: quality of employment, durable inclusion, professional development, ..) Public means (policies’ design and implementation, individual and collective rights,…) THE INSTRUMENTAL APPROACH (DERIVED FROM THE New Public Management) Quantitative performance targets (ex: rate of return into employment) Public schemes or policies Maximising the statistical profile

  13. Situated process of learning and implementation (procedures, relevant actors, participation of the people concerned) THE CAPABILITY APPROACH (DERIVED FROM Amartya SEN) Diagram 2. Two conceptions for implementing public policy Favouring a situated process of learning through open deliberative procedures Achievement of valuable outcomes for the person (ex: quality of employment, durable inclusion, professional development..) Public means (policies’ design and implementation, individual and collective rights,…) THE INSTRUMENTAL APPROACH (DERIVED FROM THE New Public Management) Quantitative performance targets (ex: rate of return into employment) Public schemes or policies Incentives – Penalties Systems for Applicants and for the Personnel of Local Agencies

  14. La base informationnelle de jugement en justice (BIJJ) selon Sen, 1990(le territoire de la justice ou le tableau de la situation)

  15. La base informationnelle de jugement en justice et démocratie délibérative • Arrière-plan - la BI dans les théories du choix social - Capacités, fonctionnements et liberté réelle chez Sen • Points de rupture potentielle chez Sen: la base informationnelle de jugement en justice (BIJJ) - la prise en compte des cadres cognitifs - deux conceptions de la liberté réelle - l’introduction du bien commun - seul ce qui est factuel est juste: justesse et justice - le registre politique de la représentation cognitive des situations. Exemple de la MOC européenne • Démocratie délibérative et approche par les capacités (prospective) - consensus sur la procédure ou compromis sur le contenu (en termes de connaissance) du bien commun - l’enquête délibérative comme construction conjointe du savoir commun et d’un « public »

  16. Les travaux canoniques Recherche d’un consensus sur la procédure de délibération (Habermas, Rawls, Cohen) Objectif: inférer la légitimité démocratique de la décision prise à partir du respect des règles de la délibération Critiques Bohman: inégalités des capacités à délibérer entre participants; élaborer de « new understandings » Expérimentalisme démocratique (Sabel): prendre en compte le savoir pratique des citoyens dans le processus de décision Apports possibles de l’approche par les capacités réévaluer l’enjeu démocratique: construire l’objectivité du jugement collectif (justesse et justice) autoriser la poursuite du désaccord sur fonds de base informationnelle commune la construction conjointe du public et du savoir commun (BIJJ): un tiers médiateur des intérêts en compétition (neutralisation des stratégies) délibération située et enquête: procédures, acteurs,… ? Démocratie délibérative et approche par les capacités: un agenda

  17. Methodological requirements to operationalise the capability approach • Bridging quantitative and qualitative inquiries • Looking both at subjective data and at objective circumstances of life and work (problem of adaptive preferences and answers) • For a firm, gathering and confronting data coming from its management and its employees • Collecting information both on the “opportunity” side (freedom of choice) and the “process” side (organisational framework and involvement into the decisional process)

  18. Preliminary outcomes of the DIFES survey jointly carried by the CEREQ, INSEE and the DARES in 2006 B Thanks to Josiane Vero and Marion Lambert (CEREQ): from the Working Paper of the CAPRIGHT European Integrated Project (IP) 2007-2010, “Capability for Learning in French Companies”, 24-26 September 2008. I remain the only responsible for the interpretation.

  19. The French vocational system • Act of July 1971 on vocational training system • Access to training through two channels: the training plan on the employer’s initiative; individual training leave • Every year (at the beginning of the 2000s), 5 millions employees had access to companies training plans, and 45000 to individual training leave 2. Act of May 2004 on lifelong learning and social dialogue • New ways of organising vocational training within companies training plans • Creation of an individual right to vocational training (DIF: Droit Individuel à la formation), the activating of which being negotiated between the employee and the employer • The French linked employer-employee survey on continuing vocational training (2006) • Based on two European surveys: the “Adult Education Survey” (16000 individuals); the “Continuing Vocational Training Survey” (4800 employers) • A data-linking process has been undertaken between these two surveys (matching of 1800 employees with their company survey). It leads to the “Dispositif d’Information • sur la Formation Employeur Salarié” (DIFES), combining interviews of employees and • employers. • Objectives: • To confront points of views and understand, if this is the case, the gap between • employers and employees’ perceptions • To open the blind box of individual surveys: activity of the firm, organisational change • and management, training policies, etc.

  20. Autre illustration: Le socle universel de protection sociale selon l’ONU et le BIT

  21. Poverty and social welfare: blind spots in the Europeanpolicy? MahmoodMesskoub EUROMEMO GROUP University of Rotterdam The Netherlands

  22. Poverty and social welfare: blind spots in the European policy? Working seminar ALLIANCES TO FIGHT POVERTY Dublin, 10th and 11th of May 2012 A torn Europe? Europe on two tracks For a economic and social policy based on solidarity Mahmood Messkoub Int. Institute of Social Studies (Erasmus University) The Hague Messkoub@iss.nl

  23. EU: Basic poverty facts Relative Poverty: income 60% below median. • ‘80 million people [about 17%] at risk of poverty, including 20 million children and 8% of the working population.’ (EU, 2011) • Most at risk: children, young, old (esp. women). • At risk: Unemployed 40%, Employed 8% • NB Job is no guarantee to be out of poverty

  24. …Dimensions of Poverty • indebtedness • unemployment and joblessness • poor health or educational disadvantage • inadequate housing • poor environmental conditions • access to public services • ethnic background • Gender • family size N.B. Social transfers reduce poverty dramatically, perhaps by 50% in the most efficient systems.

  25. Issues related to the current crisis • What happens to jobs and employment and in general income earning opportunities? • What happens to social spending? • What happens to social transfers?

  26. Origins of the crisis: • Decade long stagnating income of middle and lower income groups. • Credit to to maintain and improve living standards (housing and consumer goods). • US banks and financial sector management of credit (securitisation of household debt) • Crisis did not originate in the state budget deficit • Budget deficit due to support for the financial sector, the recession, gap between tax income and state expenditure.

  27. EU Commission policies: • Fiscal consolidation (sound budget) • Labour market reforms • Market liberalisation

  28. Policy coordination or surveillance? • Imposing rules: limit budget deficit in return for financial support or fines imposed. • Juridical approach to macro policy! • Subordination of national policy to a ‘common’ European policy. • Anti-democratic and anti-social policies • Counter-cyclical: focus on fiscal discipline • Undermines recovery in the heavily indebted countries and decline in demand across Europe • Restricting fiscal policy space

  29. …Labour market objectives… • Increase incentive to work • Reduce welfare dependency • Labour market flexibility ‘reduce over-protection of workers’ • Increase adaptability of business – relax hire and fire rules to increase demand for labour.

  30. ….Crisis as a defining moment • To redraw the economic and social map • Competitiveness of weaker states is a target. • Wage level and social models are targeted esp. in weaker states Non-budget imbalances off the agenda: • Wage growth and productivity gain in three decades • Massive accumulation of private fortunes and public sector debt • High remuneration in the financial sector and corporate leadership

  31. ….Employment impact … Increase in: • Unemployment (10%), esp. of youth (EU21%, 50% in Greece and Spain, 30% Ireland), low skilled (15%), and migrants (20%) • Long term unemployment (40% of total) Incentive to work? • In 2010: 7 times more unemployed people than job vacancies in the EU, 76 in Latvia, 39 in Ireland, 27 in Portugal, 21 in Spain, 16 in Greece • Lack of demand or lack of incentive to work?

  32. …social impact & inequality… • Countries in stress with lower than average EU incomes • E.G. Slovenia, Portugal, Malta, Greece, Cyprus and Spain – (1/3 EU population), real household income per capita of 72% of the EU average • Top 20% income is 5 times the bottom 20% • Social stress and social polarisation • Population in distress has to cope with cuts in social spending

  33. ….what is to be done? • Social policy: financial transfers, service provisions, social benefit payments, health care, support of pensioners etc. • Economic policy: fundamental and structural aspects of capitalist system.

  34. ….Social Policy • Universal healthcare services • Statutory insurance, especially for those in precarious positions (part-time, low paid workers) • Early childcare facilities of high quality, that also supports women to work • Financial support to stimulate and sustain internal demand. NB Economic function of social policies: reducing the budget constraint and raise consumption.

  35. ….Social policies cont…. • Protecting labour rights • Enhance collective rights (e.g. bargaining) and support private rights (e.g. discrimination on any ground) • Public role not just about rules and regulation coordination, control and oversight, BUT competency just left to private sector (so called Public-Private Partnership) but accountability and public involvement i.e. public-citizen-partnerships

  36. Universalism or Targeting? • Budget deficit and cuts • Target limited money on most needy • Populist appeal and long history of targeting (Poor Law in Britain in 17th century, IMF, WB, LDCs) • Stigmatisation and discrimination • NGO-ise (privatise) social support • NGOs as service providers, NOT campaigners • Two-levels of service for poor and rich • Services for poor are poor servives! • Universalism: costs, solidarity,…

  37. …No to a populist/nationalistic slogans! • ‘We are all in it together.’ Are we!? • ‘We all have to make sacrifices.’ Do we!? • Regressive taxation (VAT up, corporate tax and higher tax group down)

  38. The need for other democraticeconomic and social models Mary Murphy Maynooth, National University of Ireland

  39. The need for other democraticeconomic and social models Cécile Barbier European Social Observatory Brussels

  40. Questions and debate Chaired by Ides Nicaise University of Louvain Belgium

  41. Tomorowwestartat 9.00 am Fromhousingcrisistowards a Europe of solidarity

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