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y. Pediatric Ocular Trauma and Emergencies. Dafina M. Good, MD Emory University School of Medicine Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellow. Objectives. To Review the Epidemiology of Ocular injuries To Review Normal Eye Anatomy
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Pediatric Ocular Trauma and Emergencies Dafina M. Good, MD Emory University School of Medicine Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellow
Objectives • To Review the Epidemiology of Ocular injuries • To Review Normal Eye Anatomy • To Discuss a systematic approach to Eye exams • To Review Common Ocular injuries and emergencies • To Review Preventive approaches for ocular trauma
Epidemiology of Eye Injuries • One of the most preventable causes of visual impairment in the WORLD……. From sports to war bombings • An estimated 2.4 million eye injuries occur in United States each year with 40,000 cases of vision loss • The 2000 Kids’ Inpatient Database of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project showed more than 7500 hospitalizations for the treatment of pediatric eye injuries that resulted in more than $88 million in inpatient charges • Up to 40% of all ocular injuries occur in persons less than 17 years old • Eye injuries are the leading cause of visual disability and noncongenital unilateral blindness in children • In some studies, Up to 60% of pediatric eye injuries occur during sports and recreational events • Other studies show that the home has become the more common place for pediatric eye injuries
Epidemiology of Eye Injuries cont’d • Males account for almost 70% of all ocular injuries • Boys between 11 and 15 years are the most vulnerable… 4 to1 ratio compared to girls • Why is that…………..
Any SPORTSthat include balls, rackets, and sticks can be hazardous…… Rough sports and projectiles, including toys, guns, darts, stones, air guns, paintballs, and BB guns
The History • Stop….. Emergency…if Chemical burns, proceed to provide copious irrigation before history and physical exam is done • The history……. • Details and Mechanism of injury…………… Where, When, How, and With what? • Symptoms- pain, vision loss, double vision etc • History of eyeglasses or contacts • Medical History
The Eye Exam • Stop….. Emergency…if Chemical burns, proceed to provide copious irrigation before eye exam is done • Visual Acuity “The vital sign of the eyes” • External anatomy exam….. Looking for trauma, foreign bodies, lids and conjunctiva, bony step offs, proptosis, enopthalmos…. Any deviations from normal anatomy • Pupillary response, Extraocular movements, and Visual fields • Fundoscopic exam…. red reflex and evaluation of the retina, blood vessels and optic nerve
The Eye Exam cont’d • Fluorescein Exam… • Using topical anesthetics Tetracaine (onset of action <1min) or Proparacaine (onset <20 secs) • Applying sterile fluorescein eye strips with saline or anesthetic • Used with Wood’s light or Cobalt blue light • Slit Lamp Exam……..Primarily examines the Anterior Chamber looking at the cornea, intraocular pressure and evaluating for foreign bodies • Dilated eye examallows the slit lamp exam to be used to view the Posterior globe as well (the retina, optic nerve, blood vessels, and the macula) • CT Scans are the radiologic study of choice in ophthalmologic emergencies • Plain films are useful in some instances
Case #1 • A 10yr old girl was playing with her cousins and got poked in the eye and now c/o pain, redness and tearing • After a complete history and eye exam you find this on your fluorescein test……..
Corneal Abrasions • Probably the more common eye injury visit to the ED • Usually present with pain, tearing, photophobia, FB sensation • Topical anesthetics when applied for fluorescein exam provide temporary relief • Treatment usually consist of Topical Antibiotic drops • Pain Medication • No patching in children!
Case #2 • A 12yr old boy was in the garage with his dad while he was drilling and started to c/o pain, tearing, like something was stuck in his eye • After your thorough history and eye exam…… with eversion of the lids you find
Conjunctival/Corneal FB • Usually present with similar sx’s as abrasions • Important to evert the eyelids using a cutip! • Treatment involves • Removing the FB….. • Apply a topical anesthetic FIRST! • Using gentle irrigation or Cotton tip applicator attempt to remove the object • If not successful, in cooperative patients a sterile needle can be used while resting your hands on the pts cheek… If cornea involved best to get Ophthalmology to remove the FB with a needle • Topical antibiotics
Case #3 • A 16yr old boy gets into a fight at school and has lacerations on his forearms from a knife and he is holding his eye in pain • When you examine his eye…… You find
Corneal/Scleral Lacerations • Usually sustained during penetrating or blunt trauma • Corneoscleral Lacerations are repaired surgically by Ophthamology • Concerns that ocular tissue may prolapse through the wound depending on extent of wound and intraocular pressure • ED Management • Most important PE component is to document visual acuity • Shield the eye and Ophthalmology consult • Cycloplegics may be used to relieve ciliary muscle spasms (which can cause tissue prolapse) • Provide Tetanus prophylaxis • IV Antibiotics • Orbital CT scan may be useful if suspected FB pierced through the cornea
Case #4 • A 5yr old was running and fell and hit his face on a metal object and cut his eyelid • What do you want to know……and Why? • Where on the Lid?
Eyelid Lacerations • ED management • Eye exam • Tetanus prophylaxis • Wound closure if superficial laceration • Consult Ophthamology if…… • It involves the medial 1/3 lid (Canaliculi injury) • Lid margins (tarsal plate) • Levator palpebra muscle (ptosis may develop)
Case #5 • A 16yr old boy playing baseball was at 3rd base and got hit in the eye with the baseball after the hitter hit the ball • And before entering the room you see the CT from the outside facility…..
Globe Rupture • Mechanism of injury usually occurs with blunt, penetrating or perforating objects • Often globe rupture is obvious on exam but sometimes can be more subtle • Symptoms… PAIN, greatly decreased vision, diplopia • Signs…. Teardrop pupil, prolapsed iris, hyphema • PE…… Focused…..Visual acuity (counting fingers) or light perception, EOM’s examined for entrapment
Peaked Pupil Pupil peaks in the….. direction of the injury
Seidel’s Test Fluorescein Eye Exam of Ruptured Globe
Ruptured Globe • ED Management • Goal….. To Avoid any increases in intraocular pressure • Shield the eye (Never patch!) • Pain relief Please!!! • Antiemetics • NPO • Tetanus Prophylaxis • Broad Spectrum IV Antibiotics….Ancef/Ceftaz/Vanco (depends on the surgeon) • 5-10% of penetrating injuries at risk for endopthalmitis, which leads to vision loss • Ophthamology Consult Immediately!!!
Case #6 You asked her to Look up…. What are you suspicious of?
Orbital Floor Fractures • Mechanism of injury usually blunt force • The weakest area of the orbital bones is the orbital floor/ maxillary roof aka “Blow out Fracture” • Signs/Sx’s… • Eyelid swelling and Ecchymosis • Enophthalmos “sinking in” of the affected eye • Ptosis • Diplopia • Anesthesia of the cheek (infraorbital nerve) • Inability to move the eye upward
Orbital Fractures • ED Management • Orbital CT…is not routinely indicated unless limitation of motion • Plain films may be helpful… A/F levels, Orbital emphysema • 3views Water’s, Caldwell and Lateral Views
Orbital Fractures • Management • Tetanus prophylaxis • Surgery is not always indicated • Arranging Ophthamology follow up for possible surgical repair • Surgery is most commonly performed after 7-14days • Indications for surgery… Entrapped muscle, facial hypoesthesia, symptomatic diplopia w/ minimal improvement over time, large floor fracture leading to enophthalmos • Observation…. Minimal diplopia, good ocular movement, no significant enophthalmos • Prophylactic Antibiotics may be an option depending on the surgeon as sinus involvement may lead to deeper infections • Tell patients to avoid blowing their nose
Case #7 • A 3yr old African American girl comes in with eye pain after getting hit in the eye with a toy truck……….. • What are the clues to this case diagnosis?
Hyphemas • Blood in the Anterior Chamber • Mechanism of injury usually blunt, projectile or penetrating trauma • Occurs 70% of the time in the Pediatric population • Majority (80%) of hyphemas have less than 50% of the anterior chamber filled with blood • Signs/Sx’s…. Pain, Decreased vision, injected conjunctiva, irregular pupil • The following clinical grading system for traumatic hyphemas is preferred: • Grade 1 - Layered blood occupying less than one third of the anterior chamber • Grade 2 - Blood filling one third to one half of the anterior chamber • Grade 3 - Layered blood filling one half to less than total of the anterior chamber • Grade 4 - Total clotted blood, often referred to as blackball or 8-ball hyphema
Hyphemas • Complications • Secondary Hemorrhage (Rebleeding) • Most likely due to lysis and retraction of the clot and fibrin aggregates • High risk of rebleeding within the first 5 days • Occurs in almost 25% of all patients with hyphemas (range, 7-38%) • Higher Grade of Hyphema increases risk of rebleeding • Increased risk with younger ages…. Up to 30% of patients younger than 6 yrs old have secondary hemorrhages • Occurs 2-5% in blue eyed individuals and 25-40% in African Americans • Decreases recovery of visual acuity of 20/50 to about 60-65% • Corneal blood staining, Optic Atrophy, Anterior/Posterior Synechiae • Prognosis/Outcomes • Judged by regaining near normal visual acuity • Visual acuity, is good in approximately 75-80% of patients • Approximately 80% of those with Grade 1Hyphema, regain visual acuity of 20/40, 60% of those with a Grade 3 hyphema, regain visual acuity of 20/40 or better, while only approximately 35% of those with an initially total hyphema or a Grade 4 hyphema have good visual results.
Hyphemas • Management • Elevate the head of the bed 30-45º • Eye shield • Pain control (Avoid antiplatelet effects of certain NSAIDS) • Hospitalization vs. Outpatient Bedrest • Risk of Rebleeding? • Grade of Hyphema (Grade 2 or higher) • IOP at time of presentation (>30mm Hg) • Topical Cycloplegics(Atropine/Tropicamide) • Reduce ciliary muscle spasms and Dilate the iris • Topical Miotics • Lowers IOP and increases the surface area of the iris and enhance hyphema resorption • Topical vs Systemic AMICAR (Aminocaproic acid) • Antifibrinolytic • Prevention of normally occurring clot lysis allows blood vessels time to repair • Topical vs Systemic Steroids • Decreases the associated iritis and development of synechiae • Sickle Cell prepin African Americans of unknown status
