ICCRTS 2008 Paper 021

1. The Adaptive use of Networks to Generate an Adaptive Task Force ICCRTS 2008 Paper 021 Dr. Anne-Marie Grisogono, DSTO, AustraliaMink Spaans, TNO, The Netherlands Mink Spaans

2. The Challenge: Increased Complexity Things are getting harder for defense – Increased • Diversity of defense roles & security challenges more to deal with • Uncertainty and pace of change less time to adapt • Number of inter-related actors and effects less predictable • Number of constraints and public scrutiny less options • Therefore defense can’t be sure, in advance, of: • What it will have to do, and with who so can’t optimize • When it will have to do it so can’t prepare • How to ensure success and avoid failure so can’t control The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

3. How to deal with this Complexity? • The premium will be more on the ability to… • rapidly decide, as situations develop, what is to be done, how, who with, & how to measure success and failure • rapidly assemble tailored diverse (incl. non-defense elements) teams and get them operational and effective, • maintain effectiveness under unpredictable and rapidly evolving conditions, retaining ability to mount additional operations as needed dynamic propertiesof the force that‘emerge’as a result of many decisions about structure, process, doctrine, personnel, equipment, training, .... Requires Adaptivity …rather than on the ability to do particular kinds of operations very well – which is the ‘usual’ kind of mission effectiveness The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

4. The Implications of adaptivity Defense needs to understand • How to get better at being adaptive • What the limits are of traditional approaches • How to deal with Complexity and Adaptation at many levels • How to develop adaptive complex systems (rather than engineer complicated ones) • Consequences for all the DOTMLPF factors and for networking • How to Select, train and educate people to be adaptive • Implications for C2, ISR, NCW, EBO, national security, complex operations … • (and manage) the many System-of-System tradeoffs The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

5. Our focus Adaptation framework Adaptive Campaigning Maturity Levels SAS-065 4 classes 5 levels Several Scales Previous (and ongoing) Work CCRP literature Adaptive Networking ICT network Information network Social Impact on Current Work Force Development Force Generation The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

6. Force Generation • the process of selecting force elements from the parent force(s) and the structuring, integration and training of them up to the required level for Force Employment. The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

7. Experimentation Support Systems Modeling and simulation & Trials Force-level SoS Models Various models of operational contexts System Operational Context Models Task-organized systems Force Development Context Capability Development of component systems Force-level SoS Force Employment Capability Development of Networked SoS Rapid tech insertion Force Development Force Generation context Force RT&S Context Customised Deployable force New capability Feedback Supports Learning Force level Raise train & sustain Spectrum of Component capabilities Organisationally Based Force-level SoSs Force Raise Train & Sustain Unit-level Force Generation Raise train & sustain Various stages of developing, maintaining and employing a Force The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

8. The Questions • What are the desiredadaptivityproperties of the ForceGenerationprocess, thatwillresult in the intended output (aneffectivedeployableforcewith the desiredadaptivityproperties) • What are the desiredoutcomes of ForceGeneration • What are the keyprocessesthatinfluence these outcomes The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

9. A few observations • Capabilities of the parent force contribute to and constrain what an actual deployed force can do. • The Force Generation process is the bridge between the parent force and the employed forces • Networks play an important role in Force Generation • Facilitate the selection of the right elements • Facilitate feedback mechanisms • Experimentation is crucial The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

10. Intended output of the Force Generation Process An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

11. Intended output of the Force Generation Process • An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning • Effective  Enable and foster future effectiveness • Define Measures of Success and Failure well enough • Difficult: Multiple scales, dimensions, perspectives • Need to evolve during the operation • Feedback from Force Employment to Force Generation • Balance Long term and short term success The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

12. Intended output of the Force Generation Process • An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning • Integrated  Integrate disparate force elements • Build trust • Build sense of collective identify • Create willingness to cooperate • Make best use of various elements  sum greater than its parts • Ability to plan and act in a coherent way • Coherence within and one and across several rotations The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

13. Intended output of the Force Generation Process • An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning • Adaptive  Recognize need for change and • make effective changes in a timely way • Ability to maintain effective context-appropriate behavior • Requires many adaptive processes to function • Requires rich information sources to feed these processes • Requires ability to analyze complex dynamics • Requires Learning and Learning to Learn mechanisms The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

14. Intended output of the Force Generation Process • An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning • Deployable  Meets Operational levels of Capability • Structures and processes in place • Effective Hand Over / Take Over • All systems in place The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

15. Intended output of the Force Generation Process • An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to support organizational learning • Sustainable  Rate of consumptions consistent with • capacity to support force • Ability to identify changes and adapt rate • of replenishment as needed • In general: rates of utilization are not static The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

16. Intended output of the Force Generation Process • An Effective, Integrated, Adaptive, Deployable, Sustainable task force, able to supportorganizational learning • Organizational Learning  What works and what doesn’t • Robustness of systems and processes • What can be improved • Results from earlier attempts • Requires feedback into the appropriate learning processes • Many ways to record lessons learned • How well is the system able to use them • Biggest pitfall is widely dispersion of sub processes •  basis level 2 processes must be ensured. The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

17. Force Raise, Train and Sustain Recommended Implementation measures Force Generation Organizational Learning Refined lessons with higher confidence Further Exploration, Testing and Assessment Recommended Implementation measures Identify form and …… appropriate dissemination Put in place monitoring processes to evaluate utility of lessons drawn Observe,review each step in organizational learning, introduce changes to them, assess impact on learning effectiveness, select and implement Conjectures about what thelesson is Recommended Implementation measures Organization Level 2 Learning changes in effectiveness Extract & generalize. What are the applicable lessons? What are domains of applicability? Caveats? Organization Level 3 Learning- to-Learn eg processes to stimulate ad hoc reporting of observations, lessons etc Observations, Lessons Learned,Anecdotes Force Employment Deployed operations Units Level 2 Learning individuals Units Level 1 Adaptive Action individuals Learning links between various stages The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

18. Detailed requirement for Force Generation A number of nested simultaneous adaptive processes • Learn about the history and dynamics of the C&IN of the situation • Co-evolve the intervention Stratagem to influence the situation with the force mix • Build the Force to be Employed • Assemble the force elements • Decide on and implement command and team structures • Integrate and train • Develop understanding of the situation • Evolve operational concepts • Undertake mission rehearsals • Develop the networks and relationships The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

19. A typical timeline for successive rotations Planning Conferences Planning Conferences Discussions Discussions Hand Over Hand Over – – Take Over Take Over Higher command Backbriefs Higher command Backbriefs Coalition Command Post eXercises Coalition Command Post eXercises Reconnaissance missions Reconnaissance missions Reconnaissance Reconnaissance In In - - theatre Training theatre Training missions missions Concentration of force Concentration of force Capability cross Capability cross - - briefs briefs Training Training Force Force Generation Generation Insertion Insertion Extraction Extraction Force Generation Force Generation Rotation 1 Rotation 1 EX and AAR EX and AAR • Always several rotations to deal with simultaneously • Therefore: Force Generation systems are well placed to facilitate Learning and adaptation between them • Coherence is a major challenge in three dimensions: Horizontally, Vertically and Temporally. Coherence needs continous monitoring Rotation 2 Rotation 2 Mission Rehearsal Exs Mission Rehearsal Exs Force Generation Force Generation Rotation 3 Rotation Operation Operation Post Post - - deployment deployment Pre - deployment The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces

20. Conclusions • We have identified the adaptive properties needed to support organizational learning and the force employment • Discussed a methodological approach to shape and assess Force Generation grounded in adaptivity • Addressed the challenges to create appropriate forces for complex endeavors • Noted the vital importance of social, information and ICT networks of the parent force to facilitate selection of force elements, provide feedback and grow networks of the deployable forces • Pointed out many ways in which networks can support and extend the capabilities of the force being generated • Still many open questions  further research necessary The adaptive use of networks to generate adaptive forces