Do Now: 4/2

1. Do Now: 4/2 • Log in to IPAD • Go to http://m.socrative.com • Join Room 50117 • Complete Alabama Literacy Test

2. Civil Rights Movement Lyndon Baines Johnson

3. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • July 2, 1964 • Prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, and gender. • Gave citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, and other public accommodations.

4. What amendment to the Constitution gave African Americans the right to vote? • How were African Americans denied this right to vote in many Southern states? • Poll tax • Literacy Tests • Intimidation (KKK)

6. Freedom Summer Goal» Summer 1964 To register African-American voters who could elect pro-civil rights legislators Volunteers» 1,000 college students (mostly white and 1/3 women) & SNCC staff members What happened to them» • 3 workers murdered by KKK and local police (2 men were white) • homes, businesses, and churches burned down

8. Fannie Lou Hamer • Jailed for registering to vote (badly beaten in jail) • Spoke at the 1964 Democratic National Convention to gain support for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) • Her speech gained much support • LBJ afraid of losing the Southern white vote convinced the MFDP to accept 2/68 seats with a promise to ban discrimination at the 1968 convention • MFDP and SNCC felt leaders betrayed them

10. Selma to Montgomery- March 1965 Reason» • SNCC in Selma to register voters- many arrested and beaten • to protest the murder of SCLC demonstrator • 50 miles Police reaction» • beat protesters and used tear gas • aired on TV again LBJ’s reaction» • Presented a new voting rights act • Gave federal protection to marches

11. Children took their turn to march and go to jail during a long series of voting rights demonstrations.Selma 1965

13. 24th amendment • January 1964 • Barring Poll taxes • “The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election…shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll or other tax.”

14. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Eliminated literacy tests • Allowed poor blacks to vote • Registered voters went from 10% to 60%

15. Voting Registration

16. African Americans Seek Greater Equality What is de facto and de jure segregation? Why is de facto segregation harder to fight than de jure segregation? Northern Segregation- 1. de jure segregation: segregation by law 2. de facto segregation: segregation that exists by practice and custom

18. Chicago 1966 • MLK began campaign to end de facto segregation in Chicago • July 10th led 30,000 in march on City Hall • Late July- angry whites threw rocks and bottles • Aug- King stoned as he led 600 marchers *Left Chicago without accomplishing much*

19. Urban Violence • Causes: • Most urban African Americans lived in decaying slums • Landlords did not comply with housing or health ordinances • Schools deteriorated • Brutal treatment received by white police forces • Clash between white authority and black civilians

21. Watts Riot • Los Angeles • August 11, 1965 • 34 people killed • $30 million of property damage • Took 14,000 National Guard to put down riot after 6 days

23. Malcolm X • Background: • Born Malcolm Little • Father killed by white racists • Mother emotional collapse • By eighth grade he quit school • In jail at age 20 for burglary (1945) • Studies teachings of Elijah Muhammad • Joined Nation of Islam • El-Hajj Al Malik El-Shabazz

25. Malcolm X “ If you think we are here to tell you to love the white man, you have come to the wrong place.”

26. Malcolm X • Changed name to “X” dropping his “slave name” • Released from prison 1952 • Developed philosophy of black superiority and separatism from whites • Advocated armed self-defense • Growing racial pride • Received great deal of press controversial

28. Malcolm X • Split with the Black Muslims- March 1964 • Took pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia • Orthodox Islam preached racial equality • Worshipped alongside Muslims of all colors • New Slogan: “Ballots or bullets” “Well, if you and I don’t use the ballot, we’re going to be forced to use the bullet. So let us try to use the ballot.”

29. Malcolm X • Death- February 21, 1965 • 39 years old • Giving speech in Harlem shot and killed • Assassins were three men (2 Black Muslims)

30. Malcolm X shot

31. Tension between civil rights groups • SCLC; CORE; SNCC decided to lead followers on march in Mississippi • CORE and SNCC becoming more militant • SNCC- Stokely Carmichael • “We shall overrun.” • Slogan“Black Power” • Urged SNCC to stop recruiting whites

33. Stokely Carmichael “This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested—and I ain’t going to jail no more!... We have been saying freedom for six years—and we ain’t got nothin’. What we’re gonna start saying now is BLACK POWER.”

34. Black Panther Party • Oakland, California in Oct. 1966 • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded political party • Objective: • Fight police brutality in the ghetto • Advocated self-sufficiency, full employment, and decent housing for African-American communities • Black leather jackets, black berets, sunglasses • Support from ghettos for activities ie. Daycare centers, free medical clinics, assistance for homeless

36. MLK Assassination • Where: Memphis, Tennessee in support of city’s striking garbage workers • When: April 4, 1968 • How: James Earl Ray shot king on hotel balcony • Reactions • Riots in over 100 cities • Baltimore, Chicago, Kansas City, D.C.

38. Death of Martin Luther King Jr. “For those of you who are black—considering the evidence…that there were white people who were responsible—you can be filled with bitterness, with hatred, and a desire for revenge. We can move in that direction as a country, in great polarization—black people against black, white people amongst white, filled with hatred toward one another. Or we can make an effort, as Martin Luther King did, to understand and comprehend, and to replace that violence, that stain of bloodshed that has spread across our land, with an effort to understand (with) compassion and love.” • Robert F. Kennedy

40. Robert Kennedy • Declared candidacy for President in March 1968 • Campaign tour- won primaries in South Dakota and California • Los Angeles Hotel- left ballroom through service area shot by Sirhan Sirhan (against Kennedy’s support for Israel) • Died June 6, 1968

42. Kerner Commission • March 1, 1968 • Johnson appointed it to study the causes of urban violence • Issued report main cause: white racism “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white– separate and unequal.” • Called for creation of new jobs, new housing, and end to de facto segregation

43. Civil Rights Gains • Ended de jure segregation • Civil Rights Act of 1968- ended discrimination in housing • Greater pride in racial identity • College students demanded Black Studies programs • “Color bar” lowered in movies and TV • 1970- 2/3 of eligible African Americans registered to vote • Political leaders- Reverend Jesse Jackson

44. Affirmative Action • Programs involve making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination • Reverse Discrimination?

45. Do you agree/disagree with the following quote by LBJ? "Freedom is not enough. You do not wipe away the scars of centuries. You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race saying, 'You are free to compete with all the others', and still justly believe you have been completely fair. Thus it is not enough to open the gates of opportunity."