The division of “three worlds” and establishing ties with the U.S. against the USSR (1972-1978)

1. The division of “three worlds” and establishing ties with the U.S. against the USSR (1972-1978) I. China’s reshaping of strategy and foreign policy II. relations with the “first world” III relations with the “second world” IX relations with the “third world”

2. A “One Line” strategy • To unite the third world countries, to win over the second world countries, and to form an international united front ( with the US included ) fighting against Soviet hegemonism • “I say we need to have one line, that is about the latitude, the USA, Japan, China, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, and Europe” ( Mao, February 1973)

3. The idea of “three worlds”

4. The process of PRC-US normalization

5. The

6. China’ relations with the “first world” Sino-U.S. relations 1) the setup of “liaison office ” in each other’s capital in 1973, the relations were enhanced to some extent 2) process was delayed by the “water gate” scandal and resignation of Nixon. The Ford administration stressed more U.S.-Soviet relations, and the talks with the Soviet Union over strategic weapons.

7. 3) Taiwan issue as an obstacle. China’s persistence on the principle of “one China ” as basic requirement for the normalization. (U.S. breaking up relations with Taiwan, abandoning its treaty with Taiwan, and withdrawing its troops from Taiwan). 4.) China and the U.S. normalized their relations in January, 1979. 5) U.S. Congress passed Taiwan Relations Act in March 1979.

8. Sino-USSR relations 1) The USSR was targeted as a major hegemonic power. In the world, the USSR was in offensive , and the U.S., Europe, Japan , and China were in defensive. 2) China opposed Soviet expansionism in Africa: the Soviet role in Angola’s civil war, (1975) its invasion of Zaire (1977) ; 3) China opposed Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979). 4) In 1979, China and the USSR ceased the treaty of “military alliance ” which was in effect in 1950.

9. China’s relations with the “second world” Sino-Japanese relations 1 the signing of Sino-Japanese joint communiqué and establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972. • The two countries agree to terminate “the abnormal state of affairs”between them. ( art. 1) • in the interest of the friendship between the peoples of the two countries, China “renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan”. ( art.5) • the two sides seek no hegemony in the region and are opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony. (art. 7)

10. 2 In 1974, the two sides signed three agreements on trade, aviation and navigation, followed by the fishery agreement a year later. 3 The signing of the treaty of peace in 1978, calling for peaceful settlement of disputes following the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence, promoting economic and cultural cooperation and exchange, and prohibiting both countries from seeking regional hegemony.

11. China and other developed countries 1 upgrade diplomatic ties to ambassadorial level: England (1972), Netherlands (1972). 2 establish diplomatic relations: a) West Germany ( 1972), Luxemburg (1972), Greece (1972), Spain (1973), Portugal (1973) , Ireland (1973) b) Australia (1972), New Zealand (1972) . 3 China supports European unity and self-strength cautions not to take appeasement attitudes to Soviet expansion.

12. China’s relations with the “third world” • China established diplomatic relations with Latin American countries (Chile in 1970, Peru in 1971, Mexico, Argentina, Guyana, and Jamaica in 1972, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela and Brazil in 1974, Surinam in 1976 and Barbados in 1977).

13. 2) China continues its support of anti-imperialist, anti-hegemonist and anti-colonialist movements in the third world • Backing up African countries’ anti-colonialism • Supporting peoples in Laos and Cambodia fighting against imperialism; supporting Cambodian people fighting against Vietnamese aggression; supporting Arabic countries’ fighting against Israeli expansion • Backing up the establishment of nuclear-free zone in Latin America; supporting the handover movement of the Panama Canal

14. 2) conflict between China and Vietnam (1979) a) issue of overseas Chinese in Vietnam b) issue of consulate c) conflicts over border issues • Vietnamese attempts in Laos and Cambodia ( Indochina alliance)