Christianity & Islam under Attack

1. Christianity & Islam under Attack Kagan, Ch. 24 Defended the idea of private property but also advocated for fair wage and treatment of the working class

2. Matching Believed that Christianity glorified weakness and encouraged people to simply follow instead of lead The Life of Jesus, Strauss Lyell, Darwin Friedrich Nietzsche Wellhausen, Renan, Arnold Syllabus of Errors, Pope Pius IX Rerum Novarum, Pope Leo XIII Falloux Law of 1850 Kulturkampf Speaks out against liberalism, nationalism, socialism. Depict creation of the universe and even ideas of morality as simple part of a system of natural progression Education provided by the local priest – revoked during 3rd Republic by Ferry Bismarck’s attempt to diminish the power and influence of the Catholic Church in Germany Defended the idea of private property but also advocated for fair wage and treatment of the working class Questioned the validity of Jesus as historical figure Maintained that the Bible simply reflected the time and culture of ancient Judaism .

3. Conflict between Church and State • Great Britain • Education Act of 1879 • Education Act of 1902 • France, 1878-1905 • Religion class out – Civil Training in • PM Waldreck-Rousseau vs. religious orders • Separation of church and state • Germany – Bismarck’s Kulturkampf • Federal states decide the rights of churches • Catholic Center Party = threat to unity • In Prussia – clergy removed from education system • “May Laws”, 1873 Prussia tries to take over the Church • 1876 no Catholic bishops left in Prussia

4. Pope Pius IX (r. 1846-1878)Syllabus of Errors, 1864 • 8. As human reason is placed on a level with religion itself, so theological must be treated in the same manner as philosophical sciences. -- Allocution "Singulariquadam," Dec. 9, 1854. • 12. The decrees of the Apostolic See and of the Roman congregations impede the true progress of science. -- Ibid. • 20. The ecclesiastical power ought not to exercise its authority without the permission and assent of the civil government. -- Allocution "Meminitunusquisque," Sept. 30, 1861. • 24. The Church has not the power of using force, nor has she any temporal power, direct or indirect. -- Apostolic Letter "Ad Apostolicae," Aug. 22, 1851. • 39. The State, as being the origin and source of all rights, is endowed with a certain right not circumscribed by any limits. -- Allocution "Maxima quidem," June 9, 1862. http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/v1.htm#6 see Chap 4 #6-9

5. Pope Leo XIII (r. 1878-1903)RerumNovarum, 1891 • It must not be supposed that the Church so concentrates her energies on caring for souls as to overlook things which pertain to mortal and earthly life. (#42) • The oppressed workers, above all, ought to be liberated from the savagery of greedy men…(#59) • http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13rerum.htm

6. Pope Pius X (r. 1903-1914) • condemnation of Catholic Modernism • movement to bring Catholicism in closer step with the modern ideas of philosophy, social science and history of 19th century • 1. critical view of scriptures • 2. find essence of Christian faith in life and action • 3. critical examination of the historic origins of the Gospel and the early Church • Modernism = attempt to understand Christianity through academic disciplines developed since the Enlightenment • http://www.sofn.org.uk/printme/doctrine/catholic_modernism.html

7. Late 19th Century Perceptions of Islam • given same “modernist” treatment as Christianity • Renan and Weber: Islam unable to modernize intellectually • Seen as racially inferior; economically backwards; misogynistic • Christian missionaries focus on bringing education and health to Arab world • Calls for Reform • Salafi: science + Islam = modernization w/o reliance on the West • Mahdist – purification of Islam necessary to redeem the faith (Sudan & Iran) • Sanussiya – Libyan brotherhood intent of reforming Islam • Wahhabi – purify Islam on the influences of non-Islamic cultures (Saudi Arabia)