Data Collection

1. Data Collection Sampling Census

2. Data Collection Sampling Census • Can be used in a limited community • and difficult to use in a large • community. • Takes a long time . • High costs . • Identification of a large number • of researchers. • The large amount of data and the • difficulty of analysis . • sample intended to be a part of • any group. • Costs for sampling is acceptable. • Does not need a huge effort. • Accurate data that can be • easily analyzed. • This method is used in all types • of quality control in production.

3. Elements of statistical design of samples Choosing the type of sample Search Framework • There are many types in the sample selection and the researcher must select the appropriate type. • Are records, files and statistics data, which include all the items . • The framework should be Comprehensive, new and accurate.

4. SAMPLES • Non Probability Samples • Are Samples that does • not obey the probability • rules specific characteristics • and quality are chosen according • to some specific standards • assumed by the researcher. • Probability Samples • Randomly simple samples. • Stratified random samples. • Systematic random samples. • Group samples. • Area samples.

5. Random Samples • Are sample which each individual of the society of research has the same chance in being chosen in the sample. • These are divided into: • Randomly simple sample • Are the ones chosen so that every individual of the society individuals has equivalent chance in being chosen and this process is unbiased • Stratified random samples • It is represented for all categories, classes, and area in the society needed to be measured. It is done by choosing individuals from each area ( a-b-c-d ) or from categories or classes in a precise percentage. • Every individual is chosen in a randomly way from these categories to increase the probability of representing each one of these groups in the chosen sample.

6. Systematic random sample • Are chosen by dividing a number of society individuals on sample individuals and the result is called “ survey range ” . • Sample range = 100/10 = 10 these numbers 2 ,12 ,22 ,32 etc…are chosen • It is used in investigation concerning opinions in air planes passengers, movies watchers, supermarkets ….Etc • Groups sample: • it is done by choosing a sample of groups ( students – doctors – employee). • Area sample: • Used when for samples that represents different geographical area and the geographical areas are chosen in a randomly or non-random way.

7. Research Tools Each of the observation, personal interview, survey, testing, and the case study are important tools used in research in general, However, in most of the research, we find that all of the interview and the survey are used widely, particularly in the area of research and management and can be divided into The Most Important Research Tools Questionnaire Interview Observation

8. Observation The concept of observation in the scientific research, means to use observation as a tool for scientific data collection. This is done through the observation of the subject of discussion and studying its behavior without interference from him personally . Importance of observation • Observations are important in descriptive research. • The observation method is used in many Applied Science. • The researcher can observe personally the subject to be studied. • The experience of the researcher affects the existing • Observation significantly in practical terms : • Affect the stability of the data. • The selection of the theoretical basis and the Conduct. • Affects the accuracy of the estimation .

9. TYPES OF OBSERVATION • Declared Observation:where the group, which will be observed, should be notified by the researcher in advance that the observer will be introduced to them .with this type of observation the behavior of members of the group under observation is affected due to the presence of a noticeable person among them. • Hidden (invisible) Observation:is the process of observation, without the knowledge of members of the group, which are beneficial of an observer • Participation Observation :it is carried out through the involvement of the researcher in one of the committees of personnel of the group or share officially in some other activities.

10. TESTING CONCEPT • The concept of testing in scientific research, means the use of a list of questions to measure the capabilities of individuals under test, or measure the level of intelligence or any other things.The considerations that must be taken into account in the preparation of a test are: • Researcher identifies the origin, for which he suggests a test. • He should select the test which accommodates all dimensionsof the problem. • He should take into account the appropriate wording of the questions. • Researcher sets time limits for the application of the appropriate test. • Researcher should examine the reconnaissance sample to make any adjustments.

11. Certified Conditions for The Success of a Test • Objectivity: • 1 - The question should have only one solution ( no debates on solution ) . • 2 - The question should have one and only meaning . • Reliability : • 1 - Should give the same result when replicated . • 2 - Factors affecting the stability of a test : • A ) Length of test . B ) Degree ( level ) of difficulty . • 3 – Methods to identify the degree of stability : • A )The reliability of the test . B ) To make two different copies carrying the same meaning . • Validity : • 1 - The method of evaluation of a test should be tailored for this actual test . • 2 - Nature and aim of the research identifying the degree of honesty accuracy and level . • 3 – Types of Validity: • A) apparent honesty . B) Internal honesty C) Replicable honesty D) Forecasting honesty .

12. The Types of Interview Diagnostic interview The concept of the interview .

13. The considerations that must be observed by the researcher while interviewing A-The aim and objectives of the interview should be identified and prepared in terms of : 1.The time and the right place, for contacting the individuals. 2.The identification of persons (individuals), which will be met by the researcher. B-A plan for an interview must be developed in terms of the questions (the timing, order and nature). C-The interviewer needs certain skills such as (to create a cordial atmosphere appropriate for the interview and the ability to talk and ask questions clearly. D-Researcher should have the ability to verify the authenticity of the statements given in the talk. E-The researcher must record data and information obtained during or immediately after the interview.