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Practical Applications of Immunology

18. Practical Applications of Immunology. Vaccine History. Variolation : Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century). Vaccination : Inoculation of cowpox into skin. Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease.

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Practical Applications of Immunology

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  1. 18 Practical Applications of Immunology

  2. Vaccine History • Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century). • Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin. • Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease.

  3. Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans • Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus • Rabies: Inactivated virus • Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus • Measles, Mumps, & Rubella: Attenuated virus • Chickenpox: Attenuated virus • Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine) Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid • Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis • Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid

  4. Figure 18.1

  5. Monoclonal Antibodies(Mabs) Figure 18.2

  6. Monoclonal Antibodies • Immunotoxins: Mabs conjugated with a toxin to target cancer cells. • Humanized mabs: Mabs that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen-binding. • Fully human antibodies: Mabs produced from a human gene – (an eventual goal) • On a mouse • In bacteria from bacteriophage infection • In plants

  7. Precipitation Reactions • Involve soluble antigens with antibodies. Figure 18.4

  8. Agglutination Reactions • Involve particulate antigens and antibodies. • Antigens may be • On a cell (direct agglutination). • Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination). Figure 18.5

  9. Antibody Titer • Is the concentration of antibodies against a particular antigen. Figure 18.6

  10. Viral Hemagglutination • Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs. Figure 18.8

  11. Viral Hemagglutination-Inhibition • Some viruses agglutinate RBCs in vitro. • Antibodies prevent hemagglutination. Figure 18.9b

  12. Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct) Figure 18.11a

  13. Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Indirect) Figures 18.11b, 3.6b

  14. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(Direct ELISA)Used in many urine drug tests Figure 18.14a

  15. Serological Tests Figure 18.13

  16. Question 1 • Patient’s serum, influenza virus, sheep RBCs, and anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a tube. • Influenza virus agglutinates RBCs. • What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus?

  17. Question 2 • Patient’s serum, Chlamydia, guinea pig complement, sheep RBCs, and anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a tube. • What happens if the patient has antibodies against Chlamydia?

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