Enterprise Architecture

1. Enterprise Architecture Enterprise Architecture = a framework or ‘blueprint’ for how the organization achieves the business objectives at hand and in future Comprehensive description of all of the key elements and relationships that make up an organization Look at key business, information, application and technology strategy & impact on business functions

2. Concern on Enterprise Architecture Organization’s business and info needs Leverage of the synergistic relationship between ROI and Total Cost of Ownership Able to support migration from the current state Able to support easy migration to the organization’s desired future Support business objectives of reducing costs, improve service, increase revenue

3. Why Enterprise Architecture Improve business benefit derived from IT Reduce costs associated with IT Reduce risk in adopting and exploiting IT Enable desirable business changes, pursuit of opportunities Shorten lead times to realizing benefits Exploit emerging technologies which can provide strategic advantage Provide framework for decision making and practice within development, technology purchase and operations

4. Enterprise Architecture Business Architecture Information Architecture Application Architecture Technical Architecture Product Architecture Enterprise Architecture (c’td) Functionality that delivers value to the business SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Enabling infrastructure that supports the other architecture

5. Enterprise Architecture (c’td) • Each of the strategies is a separate architectural discipline • EA used to keep them together in a cohesive framework • The strategies are: business, information, application, technical & product architecture • System architecture is to support the higher layers of the EA

6. Enterprise Architecture (c’td) • Business Architecture = define business strategies, processes & functional requirements. Provides the tools the business needs to ensure the quality & consistency of business design.

7. Enterprise Architecture (c’td) • Information Architecture = modeling the information needed to support business process and functions of the enterprise. It spans the organizational boundaries and ties the business processes identified in Business Architecture. Can be expressed in the form of data models, information flows & analysis of input/output.

8. Enterprise Architecture (c’td) • Application Architecture = focused on developing and/or implementing applications to fulfill the business requirements & meet business needs. Also considering on the relationship between applications and optimizing and managing the integration of multiple applications. Expressed in terms of the entire life cycle of an application i.e. from the initial development through sustaining evolution and maintenance to replacement or retirement.

9. Enterprise Architecture (c’td) • Technical Architecture = provides foundation that supports the applications, data and business processes identified in the other three architectural layers. Identifies and plans the computing services (including applications / hardware / tools) that form the technical infrastructure for the enterprise. • Product Architecture = identify standards and configurations for the enabling technologies & products within the Technical Architecture

10. Developing Enterprise Architecture Process proposed by Paul Harmon, Developing an Enterprise Architecture, 2003 Agree on the need Establish an organizational Structure Select a framework Select a tool and repository Organize the existing material Begin using the Enterprise Architecture Extend and maintain the architecture

11. Applications of Information Technology • Interorganizational systems • Intraorganizational system • ESS • MIS • DSS • KWS • OAS • TPS

12. Enterprise System • Organization can integrate and coordinate their major internal business process • Solve problems of isolated islands of information, business process and technology • Discrete business processes from sales, production, finance and logistics can be solved

13. Benefits of Enterprise System • Create more disciplined organizational culture • Improve management reporting and decision making • Provide firm with single, unified information on all key business process • Data are common, standard and have same format • Improve customer service • Improve supply change management

14. Challenges of Enterprise System • Difficult and costly to build • BPR • Timely • May not suitable for some organization

15. Enterprise Information Architecture Developed by John Zachman for designing an enterprise information architecture Allows integration & coordination across the enterprise (vertical - horizontal approach) Zachman framework caters the paradigm shift for IS development

16. Vertical Approach • Department-dependent • Span of information departmentally • Involve certain groups • Can satisfy small groups or individual as it is it is aligned more closely with a set of users • Own proprietary data, software & technology components

17. Horizontal Approach • Cut across organization • Span of information across departments • Involves inter-department (intra-organization) • Satisfy many groups as it is it is aligned with other departments • Share data, software & technology components

18. Advantages of Zachman’s Approach • Balance the needs between the end user & executives (management) • Defines which components need to integrate with each other and how • Defines the boundaries between components required by end user & executives (management) • Defines the boundaries between the IS (to prevent redundancy)

19. The Zachman Framework • Developed in 1997 in IBM systems Journal, known as “A Framework for Information Systems Architecture” • Simply referred to as “The Zachman Framework” • Two key things: • A set of architectural presentation produced for each participants • Same product can be described for different purpose, in different ways

20. The Zachman Framework (c’td) • Outlines six detailed views/levels for architecture description: • The Planner or Ballpark View • The Owner’s or Enterprise Model View • The Designer’s or System Model View • The Builder’s or Technology Model View • The Subcontractor’s or Detailed Representation View • The Functioning Enterprise or Actual System View

21. The Zachman Framework (c’td) • Outlines six architecture descriptions for each level: • The Data Description – What • The Function Description – How • The Network Description –Where • The People Description – Who • The Time Description – When • The Motivation Description - Why