1 / 38

Understanding Lenses: Ray Diagrams, Real and Virtual Images

This lecture covers the principles of lenses, including convex and concave lenses, ray diagrams, real and virtual images, and the use of aspheric and Fresnel lenses.

brandya
Download Presentation

Understanding Lenses: Ray Diagrams, Real and Virtual Images

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Design Realization lecture 26 John Canny 11/25/03

  2. Last time • Reflection, Scattering • Refraction, TIR • Retro-reflection • Lenses

  3. This time • Lenses reviewed: convex spherical lenses. • Ray diagrams. Real and virtual images. • More on lenses. Concave and aspheric lenses. • Fresnel optics: • Lenses: spherical and aspheric • Lenticular arrays • Prisms

  4. Refraction – ray representation • In terms of rays, light bends toward the normal in the slower material.

  5. Refractive indices • Water is approximately 1.33 • Normal glass and acrylic plastic is about 1.5 • Polycarbonate is about 1.56 • Highest optical plastic index is 1.66 • Bismuth glass is over 2 • Diamond is 2.42

  6. Lenses • If light comes from a point source that is further away than the focal length, it will focus to another point on the other side.

  7. Lenses • When there are two focal points f1 , f2 (sometimes called conjugates), then they satisfy:

  8. Ray diagrams – real & virtual images • Tracing a pair of rays from the top and bottom of the object allows us to find the orientation and size of an image. • The pair of rays from a point converge at some distance from the lens, defining the image distance. • One pair of rays are usually straight ray through the axis of the lens.

  9. Real images • An object further than the focal length away from the lens forms a convergent real image.

  10. Virtual images • An object closer than the focal length forms a virtual image on the same side of the lens.

  11. Virtual images • Virtual images can be created with concave lenses, which are smaller than the object.

  12. Spherical Lenses • If a thin lens consists of spherical surfaces with radii r1 and r2, then the focal length satisfies 1/f = ( - 1) (1/r1 - 1/r2) this is known as the “lens-maker’s formula”.

  13. Thick Lenses • The above approximations apply to “thin” lenses. Thick lenses use different approximations (based on paraxial rays). • Principal planes and Gullstrands equation are used to compute focal length etc. See:http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

  14. Thick Lenses • The above approximations apply to “thin” lenses. Thick lenses use different approximations (based on paraxial rays). • Principal planes and Gullstrand’s equation are used to compute focal length etc. See:http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu • The matrix method can also be used:

  15. Matrix method • Lens effects can be approximated with 2D matrices. r1 = incoming ray, r2 = outgoing. • Let r = (, y) be a ray, where  is its angle from horizontal, and y is its vertical coordinate. • A lens can be represented as a matrix M:

  16. Matrix method: thin lens example • Rays through the origin do not change direction, so a = 1. • Rays through the origin do not change y-value, so c = 0. • Assume the lens is at the origin, so intercept does not change, d = 1. • If incoming angle = 0, outgoing rays converge at the focal length, so b = -1/f.

  17. Matrix method: thin lens example • Thin lens matrix is:

  18. Matrix method: half-lens example • For the transition from air to glass on the entry side of the lens, the incoming ray angle is weakened by the refractive index ratio, so:

  19. Matrix method: translation • Within a thick lens, direction does not change but the intercept changes

  20. Thick lens matrix • We derive the thick-lens matrix by multiplying two half-lenses with a translation in between. The result is (d is lens thickness):

  21. Spherical aberration • Cylindrical lenses do not converge to a point – outer rays converge closer:

  22. Multi-element lenses • Are used to reduce aberration.

  23. Aspheric lenses • Lens shape generated to provide better convergence between two conjugates (focal points) at specified distances. • Used to replace multi-element lenses. Increasingly popular.

  24. Parabolic and elliptical mirrors • Curved mirrors provide very similar performance to lenses. • A parabolic mirror perfectly focuses parallel light to a point.

  25. Parabolic and elliptical mirrors • Elliptical mirrors have two focal points, and focus light from one to the other. • A pair of parabolic mirrors also does this.

  26. Fresnel lenses • Thin lenses are accurate but provide weak magnification. Thick lenses provide power but increase aberration. • Much of the aberration in thick lenses comes from the thick glass (not from the surfaces). • Fresnel lenses provide magnification without thickness.

  27. Fresnel lenses • Remove the thick-ness, but preservepower. • Some artifacts areintroduced, but are invisible for large viewing areas(e.g. diplays).

  28. Fresnel lenses • Fresnel lenses have no “thickness”, and simplify analysis for spherical and aspheric lenses. • In particular, aspheric lens equations can be written in closed form. • Two conjugates are needed because the lens equation is exact.

  29. Fresnel lenses • Fresnel lenses can be made with high precision and low cost from optical plastics by pressure molding. • They are available in arbitrarily large sizes from custom manufacturers – and off the shelf up to about 5’ x 3’. • Fresnel grooves/inch may be 100 or more. Better for display than for imaging.

  30. Lenticular arrays • Many lenses printed on one sheet. • Simplest version: array of cylindrical lenses. • Used to budget 3D vision:

  31. Lenticular arrays • Simplest version: array of cylindrical lenses.

  32. Lenticular arrays • Lenticular screens are rated in LPI for lines per inch. Typical range is 40-60 LPI, at about $10 per square foot. • Budget color printers can achieve 4800 dpi. • At 40 LPI that gives 120 images in approx 60 viewing range, or 0.5 per image.

  33. Lenticular stereograms • By interleaving images from views of a scene spaced by 0.5, you can achieve a good 3D image. • At 1m viewing distance, 0.5 translates to 1cm spacing between images. • Eye spacing is about 6 cm.

  34. Diffusers • Diffusers spread collimated (parallel) light over a specified range of angles. • Can control viewing angle for a display. • Controls sense of “presence” in partitioned spaces.

  35. Geometric diffusers • Arrays of tiny lenses (lenticular arrays). • Can be cylindrical (diffusion in one direction only), used in rear-projection screens. • Surface etching. Using in shower glass, anti-glare plastic coatings. • Holographic surface etching: provides tightly-controlled diffusion envelope. • Low-quality surface finish(!) on plastics gives diffusion effect.

  36. Geometric diffusers • Arrays of tiny lenses (lenticular arrays). • Can be cylindrical (diffusion in one direction only), used in rear-projection screens. • Surface etching. Using in shower glass, anti-glare plastic coatings. • Holographic surface etching: provides tightly-controlled diffusion envelope. • use a material with diffusing properties: • E.g. small spheres in refractive material

  37. Fresnel prisms • Similar idea to lenses. Remove the thickness of the prism and stagger the surface facets. • Useful for bending light over a large area, e.g. for deflecting daylight. • Also used for vision correction.

  38. Summary • Ray diagrams. Real and virtual images. • More on lenses. Concave and aspheric lenses. • Parabolic and elliptical mirrors. • Fresnel optics: • Lenses: spherical and aspheric • Lenticular arrays • Prisms

More Related