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Higgs physics

H. f. ~ m f. Higgs physics. theory aspects experimental approaches Monika Jurcovicova Department of Nuclear Physics, Comenius University Bratislava. Reasons for Higgs. the presence of mass terms for gauge fields destroys the gauge invariance of Lagrangian

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Higgs physics

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  1. H f ~ mf Higgs physics theory aspects experimental approaches Monika Jurcovicova Department of Nuclear Physics, Comenius University Bratislava

  2. Reasons for Higgs • the presence of mass terms for gauge fields destroys the gauge invariance of Lagrangian • no problem for gluons and photons • serious problem for W, Z0 • problems with origin of fermion masses

  3. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking • way to generate particle masses • opposite of putting them by hand into Lagrangian basic idea: -- there is a simple world consisting just of scalar particles described by -- where so not a usual mass term -- ground state (vacuum) is not there are 2 minima

  4. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking • perturbative calculations involve expansions around classical minimum or one of them has to be chosen ( ) • then the reflection symmetry of Lagrangian is broken • the mass is revealed:

  5. The Higgs mechanism • spontaneous breaking of a local gauge symmetry (simplest U(1) gauge symmetry) • procedure: add the Higgs potential to Lagrangian translate the field to a true ground state • obtained particle spectrum: 1 Higgs field with mass 1 massive vector A - desired 1 massless Goldstone boson - unwanted • with a special choice of gauge the unwanted Goldstone boson becomes longitudinal polarization of the massive vector  the Higgs mechanism has avoided massless particles

  6. The EW Weinberg-Salam model • formulation of Higgs mechanism: • W, Z0 - become massive • photon remains massless • SU(2) x U(1) gauge symmetry •  must be an isospin doublet • special choice of vacuum • U(1)em symmetry with generator remains unbroken => the photon remains massless • W, Z0 masses:

  7. Fermion masses • the fermion mass term is excluded from the original Lagrangian by gauge invariance • the same doublet which generates W, Z0 masses is sufficient to give masses to leptons and quarks • however:the value of mass is not predicted - just parameters of the theory • nevertheless: the Higgs coupling to fermions is proportional to their masses this can be tested

  8. Theory summary • the existence of the Higgs field has 3 main consequences: • W, Z0 acquire masses in the ratio • there are quanta of the Higgs field, called Higgs bosons • fermions acquire masses • deficiencies of the theory • fermion masses are not predicted • the mass of the Higgs boson itself is not predicted either

  9. What do we know today about • mass not predicted by theory except that mH < 1000 GeV • from direct searches at LEP mH > 114.4 GeV • indirect limits from fit of SM to data from LEP, Tevatron (mW,mtop) • Best fit (minimum χ2): mH=81 +52-33GeV • mH < 193 GeV 95% C.L.

  10. H f ~ mf Higgs decays • mH < 130 GeV: H  dominates • mH  130 GeV : H  WW(*), ZZ(*) dominate • important: H , H  ZZ  4, HWW , etc.

  11. g H W* W* W* g H  gg mH 150 GeV • select events with 2 photons with pT ~50 • measure energy and direction of each photon • calculate invariant mass of photon pair: mγγ= ((E1+ E2 )2 -(p1+ p2 )2 )1/2 • plot the mγγ spectrum - Higgs should appearas a peak at mH

  12. γγ production: irreducible (i.e. same final state as signal) γ jet + jet jet production where one/two jets fake photons : reducible q g g q g g g g q g ~ 108 g g (s) q p0 Main backgrounds of H  gg  60mgg ~ 100GeV

  13. e, m Z(*) H e, m Z mZ e, m H  ZZ(*)  4  120  mH < 700 GeV • “gold-plated” channelfor Higgs discovery at LHC • select events with 4 high-pT leptons (t excluded): e+e- e+e-, m+m- m+m-, e+e-m+m- • require at least one lepton pair consistent with Z mass • plot 4 invariant mass distribution : Higgs should appear as a peak at mH

  14. irreduciblepp  ZZ (*)  4 reducible W t , t n b  g b  Z  g  b Backgrounds of H  ZZ(*)  4  Both reducible rejected by asking: -- m ~ mZ -- leptons are isolated -- leptons come from interaction vertex ( B lifetime : ~ 1.5 ps  leptons from B produced at  1 mm from vertex)

  15. How can one claim a discovery • Signal significance peak width due to detector resolution NS= number of signal events NB= number of background events in peak region if S > 5 : signal is larger than 5x error of background probability that background fluctuates up by more than 5s is 10-7  discovery mgg

  16. 2critical parameters to maximize S • detector resolutionS ~ 1 /sm detector with better resolution has larger probability to find signal (Note: only valid if GH << sm. If Higgs is broad, detector resolution is not relevant.) • integrated luminosityS ~ L numbers of events increase with luminosity

  17. Summary on Higgs at LHC • LHC can discover Higgs over full mass range with S > 5 in < 2 years • detector performance is crucial in most cases • discovery faster for larger masses • whole mass range can be excluded at 95% C.L. after 1 month of running

  18. What about the Tevatron • for mH ~ 115 GeV Tevatron needs: • 2 fb-1 for 95% C.L. in 2003-2004 ? • 5 fb-1 for 3σ observation in 2004-2005 ? • 15 fb-1 for 5σdiscovery end 2007-beg 2008 ? Discovery possible up to mH ~120 GeV

  19. Conclusions • Standard Model Higgs can be discovered: • at the Tevatron up to mH ~120 GeV • at the LHC over the full mass region up to mH ~1 TeV final word about SM Higgs mechanism • if SM Higgs is not found before/at LHC, then alternative methods for generation of masses will have to be found

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