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Chemistry Review

Chemistry Review. Section 2.1 and 2.2. Section 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules--Objectives. Living things consist of atoms of different elements Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds. The atom. The is the smallest basic unit of matter

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Chemistry Review

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  1. Chemistry Review Section 2.1 and 2.2

  2. Section 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules--Objectives • Living things consist of atoms of different elements • Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons • Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds

  3. The atom • The is the smallest basic unit of matter • Atoms are teeny tiny atom

  4. The atom • There are three parts of a an atom proton neutron electron

  5. Elements element atom • An is one particular type of , and it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means • Gold • Aluminum • Helium

  6. Key Elements • In biology, there are SIX very important elements • ________ • Hydrogen • _________ • Phosphorus • Sulfur • ________ carbon CHOPSN oxygen nitrogen

  7. How are elements different • The number of protons determines the of an element • Carbon: 6 protons • Oxygen: 8 protons • The number of determines the property of an element • Carbon: 6 electrons, 4 on OUTSIDE • Oxygen: 8 electrons, 6 on OUTSIDE identity electrons

  8. Lonely Atoms • Atoms rarely are found alone in nature • They will do ANYTHING to get to electrons on the outside • Steal • Dump • Share 8

  9. Compounds • A compound is a substance made of atoms of different bonded together • Result of sharing, stealing, or dumping electrons • Atoms bonded in a specific ratio elements

  10. Carbon Compounds bonds • Carbon can form many various __________ to form • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Nucleic acids • Lipids

  11. Ionic Bond Ionic bonds • __________________ are formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions • Opposites attract! • Ex: Salt aka sodium chloride (NaCl) • Positive sodium (Na+) • Negative chloride (Cl-)

  12. Ions • Ions are atoms that have gained or lost one or more . • Results in a change in electrical charge • Gain e- becomes ________________ • Lose e- becomes ________________ electrons negative positive

  13. Ions, cont. • Very important to organisms • Hydrogen ions (H+) needed to produce chemical _____________ in cells • Calcium ions (Ca2+) needed for all _____________ movement in your body • Chloride ions (Cl-) needed for many chemical signals in the brain energy muscle

  14. Covalent Bond • Not all atoms easily gain or lose their electrons! • Some atoms ___________ their electrons instead! • _____________ Bond: forms when atoms share a pair of electrons • Usually a very strong bond • Atoms may have several covalent bonds to share several electrons share Covalent

  15. Covalent Bond, cont. • Molecule: two or more atoms held together by bonds • Ex: carbon dioxide (CO2) • Carbon atoms needs 4 electrons to fill outer level, oxygen needs two • Carbon shares with 2 oxygen! covalent

  16. Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

  17. SECTION 2.1 REVIEW • What distinguishes one element from another? • 2. Describe the formation of an ionic compound. • 3. What is the difference between and ionic bond and a covalent bond? • 4. How does a molecule differ from an atom? • 5. Explain why a hydrogen atom can become either an ion or a part of a molecule.

  18. Section 2.2 Properties of Water--Objectives • Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water. • Many compounds dissolve in water. • Some compounds form acids or bases.

  19. THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER CELLS • Organisms’ bodies, (their _____________), • are made up of mostly ____________________ • The water in cells gives the cell _______________ • and ___________________ materials within • organisms. • All of the processes necessary for an • organism’s life take place within the • ______________________________ of the cell WATER STRUCTURE TRANSPORTS WATERY ENVIRONMENT

  20. PROPERTIES RELATED TO HYDROGEN BONDS • ______________________ • 2. ______________________ • 3. ______________________ • HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT • 2. COHESION • 3. ADHESION

  21. Negative Charge HYDROGEN BONDS O POLAR • Water is a “______________” molecule • Form when atoms in a molecule have ____________ pulls on the _____________ they share. • Opposite charges of polar molecules can interact to form ____________________ bonds. • An attraction between a slightly _______________ hydrogen atom and a slightly ______________ atom. • (Usually _______________________________) • Hydrogen bonds are part of the structures of _______________ and of ______________ UNEQUAL H H ELECTRONS Positive Charge Positive Charge HYDROGEN Shared Electrons POSITIVE NEGATIVE OXYGEN OR NITROGEN PROTEINS DNA

  22. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT • Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally ____________________________. • Water __________________ changes in temperature because it must _____________ more ____________________ to increase in temperature. RESISTS Absorb heat energy

  23. COHESION Cohesion: the attraction among __________________ of the same substance. Cohesion from hydrogen bonds makes water molecules _____________________. Cohesion produces __________________, ( “skin on water” ) MOLECULES STICK TOGETHER SURFACE TENSION

  24. ADHESION Adhesion: the attraction among __________________ of ______________ substances. For example, water molecules stick to other things. Water in a test tube, (water is attracted to the ____________) MOLECULES DIFFERENT ? GLASS

  25. Materials such as ________________ and ____________ cannot be transported form one part of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or other water based fluids. ______________: Mixture of a substance that is the same throughout. ___________: Substance that is present in the greater amount and dissolves another substance. ___________: Substance that dissolves in a solvent. MOLECULES DISSOLVE IN WATER SUGARS OXYGEN SOLUTION SOLVENT SOLUTE

  26. ACIDS AND BASES Some compounds form ______________ or _____________ because they _______________ into _______________ when they dissolve in ___________. BASE: Compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution ACIDS BASES BREAK UP IONS WATER ACID: Compounds that release a proton - a hydrogen ion(H+) – when it dissolves in water

  27. soap Your text here More basic More acidic neutral

  28. SECTION 2.2 REVIEW • How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds? • 2. What determines whether a compound will dissolve in water? • 3. Make a chart that compares acids and bases. • 4. How do polar molecules differ from non-polar molecules? How does this difference affect their interactions? • 5. Describe an example of cohesion or adhesion that youmight observe during your daily life.

  29. How do we get to “macro” in macromolecules? A detailed look at the process of polymerization

  30. Polymerization polymers • Building large molecules (_________) from smaller ones (__________) monomers • Several step process

  31. Step 1: Get two monomers glucose Both are _____________

  32. Step 2: Bring them _____ together

  33. Step 3: Add an enzyme enzyme

  34. Step 3 enzyme • This __________ carries out a reaction between the two monomers Dehydrationsynthesis • ___________ ___________: Joins two molecules together by REMOVING _______ • AKA: condensation reaction water

  35. Step 4: Bye Water! H2O ________

  36. Step 5: A Dimer! two REMEMBER, DIMER MEANS ________!

  37. Step 6: Lather, Rinse, Repeat • The enzyme can carry out numerous dehydration synthesis reactions until a macro ___________ is created • EX: ______________ molecule starch Each one of these monomers is ___________ glucose

  38. Is this reversible? You better believe it!

  39. Reversing Polymerization hydrolysis • Process called ____________. hydro • “ __________” means water • “ __________” means to split or loosen lysis adding • This enzyme works by _________ water to a polymer General process name: depolymerization turning polymers back into monomers

  40. Bring in the Water! ENZYME H2O

  41. And they are split apart! monomers What was previous a dimer is now two ______________ again

  42. Objectives • Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

  43. BUILDING BLOCKS OF CELLS PROTEIN P ____________________ LIPIDS R L ____________________ CARBOHYDRATES O C I ____________________ ATP ____________________ T P A A NUCLEIC ACID N E I R T ____________________ A P I D B N

  44. Monomer & polymer • Each subunit of a complete carbon-based molecule is called a ______________ • A _____________ is a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together • Monomers of a polymer may be the same (ex. Starches) • Or different (proteins) monomer polymer

  45. COMPOUND BUILDING BLOCK (POLYMER) (MONOMER) PROTEINAMINO ACID LIPID (FAT) FATTY ACID CARBOHYDRATESUGARS NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDE

  46. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, ______________, and oxygen • Include sugars & starches • Can be broken down to provide useable energy for cells • Major part of plant cell structure • The most basic carbs are simple sugars, _______________________ • Polysaccharides are ______________ of monosaccharides hydrogen monosaccharides polymers

  47. CARBOHYDRATES • USED BY CELLS FOR __________ ___________ AND __________ ____________. • SIMPLE CARBS = _______________________________ • COMPLEX CARBS = _____________________________ • _____________________________ ENERGY SOURCE ENERGY STORAGE ONE OR TWO SUGAR MOLECULES LONG CHAINS OF SUGAR MOLECULES Ex) Starches such as potato, pasta, bread ________________________________ ________________________________

  48. Proteins • Proteins are the most varied of the carbon-based molecules in organisms • Have a role in movement, eyesight, digestion,etc • A protein is a polymer made of monomers called amino acids • _________________ are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur • Organisms use 20 different amino acids to build proteins • The body makes 12 of the 20, the other 8 come from food Amino acids

  49. PROTEIN CELLS • MAKE UP _________________. • INVOLVED IN ALL _______ ____________. • BUILDING BLOCKS = _________ __________. • _________________= TYPE OF PROTEIN THAT STARTS AND SPEEDS UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN CELLS. LIFE PROCESSES AMINO ACIDS ENZYME

  50. Lipids • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol • Contain chains of carbon bonded to oxygen & hydrogen • Some broken down for useable energy • Others are part of a cell’s structure • ________________ are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. • Saturated fatty acids have single carbon-carbon bonds • Unsaturated fatty acids have double carbon-carbon bonds Fatty acids

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