Warm Up:

1. Warm Up: Relate the following intellectual movements to each other: the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment.

2. II. Social and Economic Life • The Bourgeoisie • Growth of Cities • Rapid growth in Europe’s cities between 1500-1700 - Centers for manufacturing, finance and trade • Urban class that dominated these activities known as the bourgeoisie - Became the middle class of Europe

3. II. Social and Economic Life 2. Business and the bourgeoisie • The bourgeoisie drove business growth and innovation • Motivated by profit • Invested earnings back into business

4. II. Social and Economic Life 3. New types of Business • Joint-Stock Companies, economic alliances between bourgeoisie and monarchs • Created state sanctioned monopolies on trade • Companies sold shares to investors to raise money • Investors could buy and sell shares on stock exchanges • Insurance companies developed, insuring long voyages

5. II. Social and Economic Life B. Peasants and Laborers 1. Population and Weather • Massive population increase - Lower wages • Increased demand for food, higher food prices • Little Ice Age - Average temperature decreased • Shorter growing seasons • Life for peasants worsened between 1500-1750

6. II. Social and Economic Life 2. Deforestation • Growth of iron and shipping industries led to increased demand for wood • Wood to fuel furnaces • Timber for ships • Forest clear cut • Laws eventually passed to protect forest • Coal replaced wood as source of fuel

7. Warm Up: How did life change for Europeans between 1550-1750?

8. II. Social and Economic Life 3. Urban poor • Rural poor migrated to cities in search of jobs - Most lived in poverty • Cities became centers for crime, prostitution • Tensions increased among the peasants and urban poor toward the clergy and landowning elite

9. III. Political Innovations • State Development • Characteristics of a State • Population = People • Territory = Land • Sovereignty = supreme power within its own territory • Government= political organization

10. III. Political Innovations 2. Holy Roman Empire • Loose federation of principalities and city-states - Modern day Germany and Austria • Dominated by Hapsburg family of Austria • Religious and political fragmentation prevented unification

11. III. Political Innovations B. Religious Policies 1. The Spanish Inquisition • Spain used religion to unify the nation The Spanish Inquisition • Used to suppress Protestant, Jewish and Muslim practices • Accused those who resisted the king of heresy

12. III. Political Innovations 2. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) • Calvinist rulers defeated France’s Catholic monarch • Calvinist leader, Prince Henry of Navarre, adopted Catholicism to appeal to majority of subjects - Founded the Bourbon dynasty • Edict of Nantes – granted religious toleration in France (1598)

13. III. Political Innovations 3. The English Reformation • English King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon - Pope refused • Henry challenged authority of Pope • Declared himself head of the Church of England

14. III. Political Innovations C. Monarchies in England and France England 1. Charles I • Charles I wanted to avoid any check on his political power - Refused to call Parliament for 11 years • Rebellion in Scotland forced him to request taxes to approve army • Parliament insisted on guarantees to protect its rights • Charles arrested leaders of House of Commons • English Civil War (1642-1649)

15. III. Political Innovations 2. Oliver Cromwell • Armies supporting Parliament defeated those supporting the King • Charles I executed (1649) • Monarchy replaced by a republic, led by Oliver Cromwell - Imposed English rule over Scotland and Ireland - Ruled as a military dictator • After Cromwell’s death, Charles II was restored to the monarchy

16. III. Political Innovations • Glorious Revolution • James II refused to respect the rights of Parliament • Parliament called an army and forced James II into exile Glorious Revolution of 1688 • Parliament forced new monarchs, William and Mary, to sign the English Bill of Rights (1689)

17. III. Political Innovations 4. English Bill of Rights • Limited power of the crown • Parliament has to consent to: - changes of law - Taxation - Raising army in peacetime • Religious toleration granted for Puritans

18. III. Political Innovations France 5. Estates General • French monarchs were able to rule without calling Estates General into session - Estates General represented the bourgeoisie, the clergy & nobility • France avoided financial crisis by: - effective tax collecting, selling appointments to high government offices

19. III. Political Innovations 6. Divine Right Rule • Belief that monarch had absolute authority • Ruled in God’s name on earth • “I am the State” - Expression of the power of an absolute monarch

20. III. Political Innovations 7. Versailles • Symbolized the power of the French monarchy • Hosted elaborate ceremonies for French nobility • French nobles lived at Versailles - unable to plot rebellion

21. Versailles

22. III. Political Innovations D. Warfare and Diplomacy • Military Revolution • Constant warfare • cannon, muskets, and commoner foot soldiers became the mainstays of European armies • Armies grew in size • most European states maintained standing armies - except England, which maintained a standing navy

23. III. Political Innovations 2. Training and Command • Europeans devised new command structures, signal techniques, and marching drills.

24. III. Political Innovations 3. Naval Technology • warships with multiple tiers of cannon - four-wheel cannon carriages that made reloading easier. • England took the lead in the development of new naval technology - English Royal Navy defeated Spain’s Catholic Armada in 1588 - signaling an end to Spain’s military dominance in Europe

25. III. Political Innovations 4. Balance of Power • European states formed temporary alliances to prevent any one from becoming too powerful • Political power, not religion, became focus of European diplomacy

26. III. Political Innovations Read Document Packet Answer Questions