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Analysis of Octane Values Based on Gasoline Components of Various Brands

Analysis of Octane Values Based on Gasoline Components of Various Brands. Chris Monaco. Octane Rating.

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Analysis of Octane Values Based on Gasoline Components of Various Brands

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  1. Analysis of Octane Values Based on Gasoline Components of Various Brands Chris Monaco

  2. Octane Rating • An octane rating refers to the measure of the maximum compression ratio at which a particular fuel can be utilized in an engine without some of the fuel /air mixture "knocking" or self igniting.

  3. Octane Rating • Research Octane Number • Determined using a one cycle engine • Motor Octane Number • Run at higher temperatures and RPM’s • Road Octane Number • Average of the research octane number and the motor octane number. This is what is displayed on the gas pump.

  4. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

  5. Analysis • GC/MS is useful in determining the components of a mixture and the concentration of each component in a mixture.

  6. 87 Octane from Shell

  7. 89 Octane from Shell

  8. 93 Octane from Shell

  9. 87 Octane from Thortons

  10. 89 Octane from Thortons

  11. 92 Octane from Thortons

  12. Qualitative Analysis • Retention Time • Retention times of components of a mixture can be compared to the retention times for known samples if run under the same conditions. • Mass/Charge Ratio • Position of the peak on the graph horizontally is equivalent to the molecular mass of a component.

  13. Quantitative Analysis • Retention Time • The area of the peak is measured by the equation: (height of peak/width of peak at half height) • Mass/Charge Ratio • The height of the peak is measured

  14. Known Octane Values for Gasoline Components Ethanol 107 Methylcylcopentane 103 Benzene 98 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 100 Toluene 118 P-xylene 136 2-methylpentane 76 2,4-dimethylpentane 83 Hexane 25 2,3-dimethylpentane 94 Methylcyclohexane 104 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 97 2,3,3-trimethylpentane 102 2-methylbutane 90 4-methylheptane 39 Heptane 0

  15. Shell 87 octane 89 octane 93 octane • Ethanol 11.3% 0% 10.2% • 2-methyl-pentane 8% 4.3% 4.5% • Hexane 3.7% 3.9% 0% • Methylcyclopentane 0% 0% 0% • Benzene 0% 7.3% 7% • 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0% 0% 0% • Toluene 6.3% 7.2% 8.2% • P-xylene 0% 10.6% 0% • 2,4-Dimethylpentane 2.8% 2.8% 0% • 2,3-Dimethylpentane 7.8% 0% 0% • 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane 5.8% 4.5% 0% • 2,2,5-trimethylhexane 0% 1% 4% • 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 4% 3.5% 2.5% • 1,3-dimethylbenzene 10% 5.7% 21% • Heptane 0% 2.9% 0%

  16. BP 87 octane 89 octane 93 octane • Ethanol 7.2% 0% 13.4% • 2-methyl-pentane 8.7% 7.9% 10.2% • Hexane 0% 3.4% 0% • Methyl-cyclopentane 0% 4.7% 0% • Benzene 9.7% 0% 0% • 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0% 0% 0% • Toluene 4.8% 4.5% 5.5% • P-xylene 0% 1.9% 0% • 2,4-Dimethylpentane 0% 0% 5.5% • 2,3-Dimethylpentane 0% 8.1% 7% • 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane 0% 8.8% 8% • 2,2,5-trimethylhexane 2.5% 0% 0% • 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 4.1% 5.8% 9% • 1,3-dimethylbenzene 4.1% 2.8% 0% • Heptane 0% 0% 0%

  17. Speedway 87 octane 89 octane 93 octane • Ethanol 13.2% 11.5% 12.1% • 2-methyl-pentane 6% 5.5% 4.5% • Hexane 3.9% 2.8% 2.1% • Methyl-cyclopentane 0% 4% 0% • Benzene 0% 0% 0% • 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 9.2% 0% 0% • Toluene 4.8% 4.7% 3.7% • P-xylene 7.2% 0% 0% • 2,4-Dimethylpentane 0% 0% 4% • 2,3-Dimethylpentane 7.7% 7.3% 6% • 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane 0% 0% 0% • 2,2,5-trimethylhexane 0% 0% 5% • 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 2.9% 4.5% 6% • 1,3-dimethylbenzene 4% 7% 7.5% • Heptane 0% 0% 0%

  18. Thortons 87 octane 89 octane 93 octane • Ethanol 11% 11% 10.1% • 2-methyl-pentane 6% 5.3% 4.7% • Hexane 3.7% 3.2% 2.2% • Methyl-cyclopentane 4.7% 0% 0% • Benzene 0% 0% 0% • 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0% 0% 0% • Toluene 5.4% 5.5% 6% • P-xylene 6.6% 0% 0% • 2,4-Dimethylpentane 0% 4% 4% • 2,3-Dimethylpentane 8.2% 7.5% 7% • 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane 8.2% 8% 7% • 2,2,5-trimethylhexane 0% 2.4% 2% • 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 3.9% 4.8% 4.5% • 1,3-dimethylbenzene 4% 7.8% 16% • Heptane 0% 0% 0%

  19. Phillips 66 87 octane 89 octane 93 octane • Ethanol 5.1% 6.1% 5.3% • 2-methyl-pentane 7.2% 7.7% 7.5% • Hexane 4.2% 5.1% 4.4% • Methyl-cyclopentane 4.4% 5% 4.5% • Benzene 0% 0% 0% • 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 0% 0% 0% • Toluene 5.6% 5.9% 6% • P-xylene 0% 8.5% 0% • 2,4-Dimethylpentane 0% 0% 0% • 2,3-Dimethylpentane 8.1% 8.2% 8.5% • 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane 7.7% 7.9% 8% • 2,2,5-trimethylhexane 0% 0% 1% • 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 2.8% 3% 3% • 1,3-dimethylbenzene 7.8% 4.1% 13% • Heptane 0% 0% 0%

  20. Further Analysis The sample could be run longer so components with longer retention times would register.

  21. Further Analysis If the concentration of every component of the gasoline and the octane rating for each components were known an octane rating for the mixture could be calculated and compared to the one generated by testing the mixture as a whole.

  22. Works Cited • Data Collected at USF by: • Bettylou Wahl – BS, Biology/Chemistry, USF 2004 • Ken Hutchinson – BS, Environmental Science, USF 2004 • References: • http://www.refiningonline.com • http://jr.stryker.tripod.com/physchem/gc_ms.html

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