Steve Cerwin WA5FRF Institute Scientist Southwest Research Institute

1. Modeling Signal Leakage Characteristics of Broadband Over Power Line (BPL) Using NEC With Experimental Verification Steve Cerwin WA5FRF Institute Scientist Southwest Research Institute

2. Possible Geometries for Using Power Lines As Transmission Lines • Single wire driven against ground: not considered suitable as a transmission line • G-line: impractical because launchers are too big and power lines too discontinuous • Balanced drive between two adjacent wires: deemed best option to minimize radiation, and is the model used in the study

3. Two Wire Transmission Line Models Used in the Study

5. Interpreting NEC Simulation Results Program also calculates radiation patternsand current distributions. The difference between the total applied power and the power absorbed in all loads is the amount of power radiated from the line. This information can be obtained from the Total Load Loss report.

6. Maximum Lobe Gain and Leakage Radiation From Matched and Balanced Straight Lines

7. Radiation Patterns from Matched and Balanced Two Wire Transmission Lines in Free Space 2MHz 5MHz 10MHz 20MHz 40MHz 80MHz 200-ft. Long Straight Line with 4-ft. Spacing, 1 Source, and 1Load

8. Mismatched Source and Load Impedances Create High SWR and Increase Line Radiation Matched 200’x4’ Line @ 20 MHz Mismatched

9. Coupling to Nearby Resonant Antennas Shows Normalized Frequency Response Wavelength dependent capture area of a resonant receive antenna compensates for frequency dependent line leakage, normalizing coupling over frequency.

10. Position Dependence of Coupling Along A Perfectly Matched and Balanced Line

11. Scale Model Laboratory Setups Used For Experimental Verification of NEC Models 1/60th Scale Model Used 450-ohm Ladder Line to Represent the Power Line Under Conditions of Free Space and Over Ground. Full Scale 1/60th Scale Length: 500-ft. 8.33-ft. Spacing: 48-in. 0.8-in. Height: 30-ft. 0.5-ft. Frequency: 10MHz 600MHz

12. Experimental Data Agreed With Theoretical Data Only Near Line ends Where Signal Levels Were High Low Coupling Levels Predicted For Interior Portion of Line Were Unachievable Because of Room Multipath Reflections or Balun Imbalance

13. Multiple Loads Create Unavoidable Impedance Mismatches and High SWR Multiple loads along a constant impedance line create mismatches through cumulative loading. Source on End Low SWR available only on ends where a matched termination is available. Source in Interior

14. Increased SWR From Multiple Loads Increases Radiation from Interior by 20dB Level in matched line

15. Unequal Wire Lengths from 90-degree Turn Imbalance Current Distribution and Rapidly Accelerate Radiation with Frequency Maximum lobe gain approaches 9dBi and nearly half of the total applied power is radiated above 30MHz

16. Coupling Levels to Nearby Dipole With L-line Containing Multiple Loads Increased 10-20dB Over Straight Line

17. Unequal Wire Lengths in U-Shaped Line Cause Severe Radiation Losses at 80 MHz Current Distribution shows pronounced amplitude taper and unequal wire currents.

18. Bending a 200-ft. x 4-ft. Line Into a U Destroys Transmission Line Properties Above 10Mhz Maximum lobe gain undulates between + and – 6dBi Half of the applied power is radiated above 22MHz. Less than 10% reaches the load above 30MHz.

19. Current Distributions on U-line With Multiple Loads Show Amplitude Taper, Unequal Currents in Wires, and SWR Misalignment 40MHz 80MHz

20. Power Lines As Transmission Lines at Radio Frequencies Transmission lines modeled after power lines radiate severely because they are spaced too far apart for high frequencies and have too many characteristics that destroy balanced operation. Many line geometries radiate as much or more power than that delivered to loads placed directly across the line. Using these structures to distribute wideband data signals is technically flawed because of their inability to contain the radio frequency energy as a guided wave, and should be considered very poor engineering practice.