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Ammonia emission from standing crops and crop residues

Ammonia emission from standing crops and crop residues. TFEIP Agriculture and Nature expert panel meeting Ghent , 2014 Jan Vonk MSc (RIVM) The Netherlands. Contents. Introduction Ammonia emissions from: a) standing crops b) crop residues c) grassland

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Ammonia emission from standing crops and crop residues

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  1. Ammonia emission from standing crops and crop residues TFEIP Agriculture and Nature expert panel meeting Ghent, 2014 Jan Vonk MSc (RIVM) The Netherlands

  2. Contents Introduction Ammonia emissions from: a) standing crops b) crop residues c) grassland Estimated emissions in the Netherlands Discussion/conclusions

  3. Acknowledgement • Contents basedon the research of De Ruijter et al., 2013 • Conductedby: • Plant Research International of Wageningen UR (PRI-WUR) • National Institutefor Public Health and Environment (RIVM) • Fundedby: • Ministryof Infrastructure and Environment (IeM) • Presentationco-authors • J.F.M. Huijsmans (PRI-WUR) • F.J. de Ruijter (PRI-WUR) • W.A.J. van Pul (RIVM)

  4. Introduction • EMEP 2009 Guidelines • Standing crops/crop residues recognized as NH3 emission sources • However extremely uncertain: • Type of crop • Environmental conditions • Success of harvest • Fertilizer amount • Seasonal/diurnal variations • Ambient NH3 concentration • As a result no default method is given

  5. Ammonia emissionfrom standing crops (1) • Resistance model, DEPAC (Van Zanten et al., 2010) • Atmospheric transport • Layerabovecanopy • Canopysurface • External • Vertical transport • Stomatal/mesophyll

  6. Ammonia emissionfrom standing crops (2) • Emissioncalculation • , with: • xaatmosphericconcentration • xsstomatalcompensation point • , with: • Γs ratio between ammonium concentrationand pH in the apoplast of the mesophyll

  7. Ammonia emissionfrom standing crops (3) • Γsvaluesobtainedfromextensiveliterature review *no experimental data, conservativedefaultsused

  8. Ammonia emissionfromcropresidues (1) • Regression model (De Ruijter and Huijsmans, 2012) • Relationship of ammonia emissionand N content of residues • NH3-N volatilization (%) = 0.40 * N content – 5.08 (R2 = 0.50) • No emissionif N content is below 12.7 g/kg • Assumes complete exposure to air, both in the amounts of residueand in time • Currentstudy: • Amount of cropresiduesand N content derivedfromliterature • Expert opinions on degree of incorporation

  9. Ammonia emissionfromcropresidues (2) • Averages (and range) per crop of: • Residue dry matter • N in cropresidue • Contributingfraction • Including green manurecrops, whenkilledbyfrost or herbicides

  10. Ammonia emissionfromgrassland • Alreadyincluded in the inventory: • Emissionsafterapplication of manureandfertilizer • Emissionsduringgrazing • Notyetincluded: • Emissionsfromnon-grazedgrasslandbetweenapplications of manure and fertilizer • Standing crops • Emissionsfromcropresidues • Pasturetopping • Lossesduringsilage/hayproduction • Grassland renovation

  11. Estimatedemissions in the Netherlands • Standing crops • Hourlyemissionfluxesbased on weather data (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, KNMI) andambient air ammonia concentrations (National Air Quality Network of RIVM) • Integral over growingseason of the crop • Always emissionifambient ammonia concentration is below 5 µg/m3, between 5-12 µg/m3 depending on Γsvalue, emissionstopsabove 12 µg/m3 • Emissionbetween 0 and 6 Gg NH3-N, best estimate: 1.5 Gg • Cropresidues • Emissionbetween 0.3 and 3.8 Gg NH3-N, best estimate: 1.9 Gg

  12. Discussion/conclusions (1) • Large uncertainty in emission of standing crops • Two parameters dominate the estimate: • Ambient ammonia concentration (uncertainty < 10%) • Stomatalcompensation point • Γsvaluescan range up to a factor of ten • Focus shouldbe on improving the Γsvaluesbeingused • Differences in agricultural management (N fertilization) • Climateeffects (temperature) • Abatementtechniques, forinstance on animalhousing, couldpartlybecounteredbyhigheremissionsfrom standing crops

  13. Discussion/conclusions (2) • Ammonia emissionfromcropresidues starts after a few daysandpeaksbetween 1 to 4 weeks • Becauseemission is more pronounced, less effect of ambient ammonia concentration • Emissioncanbepreventedbyincorporationinto the soilas much/soon as possible • Notableexceptions: potatoes, grassland • Decreases in fertilization leads to lower N contents of cropresidues and volatilizationrates (non-linear) • Developments in N contents needfurtherstudy

  14. Literature • Ruijter, F.J. de, J.F.M. Huijsmans, M.C. van Zanten, W.A.H. Asman& W.A.J. van Pul (2013). Ammonia emissionfrom standing crops and cropresidues. Contribution to total ammonia emission in the Netherlands. Plant Research International report 535, Wageningen, the Netherlands. • Zanten, M.C. van, F.J. Sauter, R.J. Wichink Kruit, J.A. van Jaarsveld & W.A.J. van Pul (2010). Description of the DEPAC module. Dry depositionmodellingwith DEPAC_GCN2010. RIVM report 680180001, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. • Ruijter, F.J. de & J.F.M. Huijsmans (2012). Ammonia emissionfromcropresidues. Quantification of ammonia volatilizationbasedoncropresidueproperties. Plant Research International report 470, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

  15. Onesentencesummary Ammonia emissionsfrom standing crops and cropresidues are likely to beconsiderable, butdependonseveral factors (crop type, N fertilization, climate and ambient ammonia concentration) and therefore the variation and uncertaintywillbelarge. Wanted: Γsvalues, gotany? Please let usknow at jan.vonk@rivm.nl

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