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Examples of Labour Immigration at National Level: GERMANY

Examples of Labour Immigration at National Level: GERMANY. First Immigration Policy 2.0 Workshop February 14th 2011 Dr. Carola Burkert Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg/Germany Working Group „Migration and Integration“. AGENDA.

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Examples of Labour Immigration at National Level: GERMANY

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  1. Examples of Labour Immigration at National Level: GERMANY First Immigration Policy 2.0 Workshop February 14th 2011 Dr. Carola Burkert Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg/Germany Working Group „Migration and Integration“

  2. AGENDA 1. Germany - an Immigration Country for the last 50 years?! 2. Managing Labour Migration in Germany 3. Managing Labour Migration in Germany - Results 4. Managing Labour Migration in Germany – Problem areas 5. Conclusion 2

  3. Germany - an Immigration Country for the last 50 years?! 3

  4. Germany - an Immigration Country for the last 50 years?! Immigration/Emigration, Foreigners, 1954-2009 Fall of the „Iron Curtain“ Ban on Recruitment Start of the „Guest Worker Program“ New Immigration Act 4 Source: Federal Statistical Office, own graph

  5. Germany - an Immigration Country for the last 50 years?! Balance of Immigration/Emigration, Foreigners, 2000-2009 5 Source: Federal Statistical Office, own graph

  6. 2. Managing Labour Migration in Germany 6

  7. Economic Migration across the OECDPermanent Migration, Migration Categories, Selected Countries 2007 7 Source: OECD; Liebig 2010

  8. Important Types of Labour Migration • 2000 to 2004: „Green Card“ to attract highly skilled foreigners • Since 2005: Immigration Act - Possibilities for • higher education graduates from German universities • skilled workers • highly-qualified workers • researchers • self-employed • (family members) • (contract/guest-Workers; seasonal-workers) 8

  9. 3. Managing Labour Migration - Results 9

  10. Some are more attractive than others…. Qualifications of Migrants, selected countries, 2000 (in %) 10 Source: Docquier/Marfouk 2006,

  11. 4. Managing Labour Migration – Problem areas 11

  12. Factors which reduce the attractiveness of Germany (1/2) • Language is a huge barrier • Complicated immigration regulations • „hard to understand“/“confusing“ • „lack of transparency“ • „different handling“ of identical issues by local authorities (e.g Green Card – foreigners´ registration office) • long duration of the approval procedure • different counter parts • „one stop government“/approval procedure 12 Source:DIHK 2010

  13. Factors which reduce the attractiveness of Germany (2/2) • Recognition of foreign qualifications • lack of information and transparency • complicated • Employer: bureaucratic procedure • Lack of welcoming athmosphere • feeling: „Not welcome“ • stereotypes • signal: restraint on free movement (EU-Enlargement) 13

  14. Foreign Students: Leaving Germany after Graduation • Third country graduates: residence permit up to one year to enable them to seek employment • 2009 • 18.497 graduates (third country) • 3.440 residence permits for job seeking (19%) - success? • 4.820 work permits for such graduates (26%) • Period of one year: to short for job-seeking? • Lack of network for job seeking • Lack of information/support about • residence and work permit • Scholarship etc. 14 Source: Bundesministerium des Innern 2011, IW 2011

  15. 5. Conclusion 15

  16. Conclusion • View of Economic Theory: • - migration decisions (like nearly all human decisions) are a question of • benefits and costs; legal framework is just one contributing factor. • - migration policy can be interpreted as an attempt to increase the • benefits and reduce the costs of migration. • How can we unlock the full potential of migration? Starting points: • information • coordination • networks • transparency 16

  17. Contact • carola.burkert@iab.de 17

  18. References • Bitkom (2007): Standpunkte zur Zuwanderunghochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte. Den Wettbewerb um die besten Köpfe Gewinnen. Berlin: Bitkom (http://www.bitkom.org/files/documents/Standpunkte_dc.pdf, 12.02.2011) • Bundesministerium des Innern (2011): Migrationsbericht des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge im Auftrag der Bundesregierung. Migrationsbericht 2009. Berlin: BMI • Brücker, Herbert; Ringer, Sebastian (2008: Ausländer in Deutschland: Vergleichsweise schlecht qualifiziert. IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2008 • Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag (2010): Deutschland für ausländische Fachkräfte und Studenten nur mäßig attraktiv – Ergebnisse einer AHK-Umfrage. Berlin: DIHK • Docquier, F.; Marfouk, A. (2006): International migration by educational attainment (1990-2000) - Release 1.1., In C. Ozden and M. Schiff (eds). International Migration, Remittances and Development, Palgrave Macmillan: New York (http://perso.uclouvain.be/frederic.docquier/filePDF/DM_BookWB.pdf, 12.02.2011) • IW-Dienst (2011): Nach dem Studium geht´s zurück. Nr. 5, 3.2.2011, IW: Koeln • Liebig, Thomas (2010): Labour market integration of immigrants and their children. Key findings from OECD country studies and related OECD work. Presentation at the Institute for Employment Research 17. February 2010, Nuremberg 18

  19. Relevance of regional level: • local immigration authority – residence permit • local employment agencies – work permit • national legal framework – room for discretionary application of rules at local level? 19

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