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The Chemical Building Blocks

The Chemical Building Blocks. 3.2 Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates. CH 2 OH. O. H. H. H. OH. H. OH. HO. H. OH. Carbohydrates. energy molecules. sgar. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. sugar. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate

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The Chemical Building Blocks

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  1. The Chemical Building Blocks • 3.2 Carbohydrates

  2. Carbohydrates

  3. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates energymolecules

  4. sgar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 • Function: • energy u energy storage • raw materials u structural materials • Monomer: sugars • ex: sugars, starches, cellulose

  5. H O C CH2OH CH2OH C OH O H H O H H H OH H OH H C H HO OH HO HO H H H OH OH H Glyceraldehyde Glucose Ribose Sugars • Most names for sugars end in -ose • Classified by number of carbons • 6C = hexose (glucose) • 5C = pentose (ribose) • 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) 6 5 3

  6. Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone

  7. Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutions? In cells! Carbons are numbered

  8. Numbered carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C C 3' 2'

  9. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • glucose • Disaccharides • 2 monomers • sucrose • Polysaccharides • large polymers • starch

  10. Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage

  11. Building sugars • Synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar)

  12. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • structure = building materials • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi)

  13. Linear vs. branched polysaccharides starch (plant) What doesbranching do? energystorage glycogen (animal)

  14. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose • isomers of glucose • structure determines function…

  15. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  16. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth • herbivores can digest cellulose • most carnivores cannot digest cellulose • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = roughage BIG DEAL!Who can liveon this stuff?!

  17. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

  18. Helpful bacteria • How can cows digest cellulose? • bacteria live in their gut & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

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