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Ecosystems and Communities Ch. 4

Ecosystems and Communities Ch. 4. What is Climate?. Temperature, weather (rain, snow, windy, etc…), amount of sunlight, etc… Climate  the average temperature/precipitation over long periods of time What abiotic factors effect climate?

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Ecosystems and Communities Ch. 4

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  1. Ecosystems and CommunitiesCh. 4

  2. What is Climate? • Temperature, weather (rain, snow, windy, etc…), amount of sunlight, etc… • Climate the average temperature/precipitation over long periods of time • What abiotic factors effect climate? • Greenhouse gasses CO2, CH4, and H2O help trap heat from the sun inside the Earth’s atmosphere • Latitude Earth spins at 23o angle, so northern and southern areas get less sunlight while near the equator the amount of sunlight is the same all year long

  3. What is Climate? 3) Wind and Water Currents • hotter air at the equator and cooler air everywhere else creates wind currents that move heat around the Earth • Same effect in water; warm water rises and cold air sinks • Areas along these current paths gain warmer temperatures (more energy)

  4. Niches and Community Interactions • What is a habitat? • Place an organism spends most their life • Organisms have a Range of Tolerance flexible conditions that it CAN survive • All habitats must fit somewhere in an organism’s range • What is a niche? • Specific way an organism interacts with the environment (gets recourses, reproduces, etc…) • What is the special rule about niches?

  5. Competitive Exclusion Principle • No two species can have the same niche; competition will eliminate the weaker species • Intraspecific competition between same species • IntRA = same • Interspecific competition between different species • IntER = different • How do organisms limit the effects of competition? • Organisms get resources in many ways

  6. Resources in Cycles • Predator-Prey relationship one animal (predator) eats another animal (prey); number of predators changes with the number of prey • Herbivore-Prey Relationships one animal (herbivore) eats producers; plants density changes with herbivore density • In both systems there is always a Keystone Species • Species, if removed, that would have the greatest effect on the ecosystem

  7. Interactions Produce Symbioses • Symbiosis close interaction between two or more species • 3 types: • Mutualism both animal benefit from relationship; ex. Clown fish and Sea anemone • Parasitism one benefits and one is weakened (not killed); ex. Tape worm • Commensalism one benefits and one is not affected; ex. Barnacles on Whales

  8. Major Shifts in an Ecosystem • Ecological Successions: • Primary Succession first life (pioneer species) in an area of only freshly exposed land • Volcano forms an island • Secondary Succession after massive destruction, surviving life spreads quickly into new space • Growth after a forest fire • After a succession, populations grow until a Climax Community is obtained • Studying successions and climax rate tells scientists about the history of the ecosystem

  9. Homework • Finish reading Ch. 4 and Start reading Ch. 5 • Ch. 4 “Apply Vocab” and questions #1-18 on p 103-104 all due Friday Morning • Presentations on 2 Biomes next Monday How to present: • Everyone in your group speaks • Must have a good PPT: • Text is easy to read • NO PARAGRAPHS! • Use Pictures to help explain yourself • Good Presentations: • NO READING! • Speak clearly and loudly • Talk to the students, NOT to me! • STAY IN YOUR TIME LIMIT:5 minutes! • If you go over your time, I will stop your group and you will lose points • YOU GET 1 CLASS TO DO THESE PRESENTATIONS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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