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Christopher A. Peery s and Mathew L. Keefer Fish Ecology Research Lab

Adult salmon and steelhead survival through the Columbia and Snake rivers mainstem hydropower system. Christopher A. Peery s and Mathew L. Keefer Fish Ecology Research Lab Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources University of Idaho Moscow, ID 83844-1136 cpeery@uidaho.edu. Background.

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Christopher A. Peery s and Mathew L. Keefer Fish Ecology Research Lab

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  1. Adult salmon and steelhead survival through the Columbia and Snake rivers mainstem hydropower system. Christopher A. Peery s and Mathew L. Keefer Fish Ecology Research Lab Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources University of Idaho Moscow, ID 83844-1136 cpeery@uidaho.edu

  2. Background Use telemetry and other data sources to investigate: - passage at individual dams. - identify passage obstacles. - survival through hydrosystem and sources of loss. - Relationships to river conditions and dam operations. - potential sources of delayed mortality. Synthesis of major adult issues: - dam and reach-specific escapement, - passage time - fallback - straying - transport history UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  3. Approach: Collect and tag fish at Bonneville Dam RDST 34 g 9 X 2 cm 7-volt 12 g 8 X 1.6 cm 3-volt 12 g 4.5 X 1.3 cm UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  4. Fixed-site receiver locations Mobile tracking Returns from hatcheries /stream surveys Fishery reward program McIntyre Study Area Dam Canada Lake U.S.A. Zosel Osoyoos Dam Chief Joseph Grand Wells Coulee Snake River Rocky Reach Rock Columbia River Lower Island Wanapum Little Granite Goose Priest Lower Rapids Monumental Yakima R. Ice Harbor John Day McNary Bonneville Portland The Dalles UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  5. Number of Tagged Fish Released Below Bonneville Dam: Sp/Su Fall Lamprey Chinook Chinook Steelhead 200 1996 853 765 200 1997 1,014 975 200 1998 957 1,032 300 2000 973 745 843 200 2001 829 561 804 2002 900 756 945 2003 1,184 766 642 2004 557 607 300 1,100 Total 7,267 4,467 5,274 UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  6. LGr PR GO LM IH JD MN BO TD Hydrosystem escapement estimates Hydrosystem: • Fish must pass Bonneville to be included • Upper ends bounded by tops of Lower Granite and Priest Rapids dams • Strays are considered successful UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  7. Hydrosystem Escapement 3: unknown-source stocks 778 884 803 952 919 678 814 781 913 932 659 445 521 952 528 810 916 724 UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  8. Passage time for adult Chinook salmon at Bonneville Dam Typical median passage times vary from 20 to 36 hrs. UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  9. Passage time for adult Chinook salmon at Bonneville Dam Pattern is consistent for other dams and river reaches Unsuccessful migrants Successful migrants UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  10. Hydrosystem passage times Spring Chinook Summer Chinook r 2 = 0.86 r 2 = 0.48 r 2 = 0.21 r 2 = 0.85 Bonneville to McNary Bonneville to Lower Granite UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  11. Hydrosystem escapement versus Flow UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  12. Fallback rates at Bonneville: Steelhead Sp-Su Chinook Shift to Powerhouse 2 priority in 2001 Steelhead Fall Chinook Flow

  13. Effects of fallback at any dam on escapement range 3.3-13.4 Fell back mean = 7.7 Did not fall back range 11.1-25.5 mean = 19.9 range 8.1-18.5 mean = 12.9 * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005 χ2 tests UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  14. Straying: spring-summer Chinook (’00-’03) Total stray rate: 2.2% (n = 1,588) 15 Stray locations: 48 57% Bonneville pool tribs 38 26% Deschutes 28 29 90 181 9% John Day 473 97 185 or Umatilla 142 10 9 99 120 10 9% Other UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  15. Straying: known-source fall Chinook (’00-’03) 166 known-source fall Chinook from 2000-2003 4.2% strayed (7) (2003 rate also 4.2%) 121 were from the Snake River 3.3% strayed (4) 43 were from the upper Columbia, Yakima, or Umatilla rivers 6.7% strayed (3) UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  16. Straying: known-source steelhead (’00-’03) Total stray rate: 10 6.8% (n =1,414) Stray locations: 9 51% Bonneville pool tribs 21% Deschutes 9 140 17% John Day 359 326 435 102 9% Snake 9 2% Other UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  17. Straying: steelhead migration timing 402 75 776 299 298 448 171 296 288 627 457 0.163 0.002 0.022 43 <0.001 0.002 0.145 chi-sq P values UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  18. Synthesis Annual Escapement 3 differences: Esc3 (Fallback fish) minus Esc3 (Non-Fallback fish) 1996-2002 2003 Fallback Adult Escapement Differences were significant in 12 of 18 run-years UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  19. Synthesis Annual percent of Sp-Su Chinook that fell back at any dam, 1996-2003 Flow Fallback 2003 Adult Escapement r 2 = 0.74 FB% = 0.06*Flow + 2.93 Escapement negatively correlated with Flow (r 2 = 0.71, P = 0.02) UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  20. Effects of juvenile transport from the Synthesis Snake River on adult fallback, 2000-2002 Juvenile Flow Transport Fallback (%) Sp-Su Chinook Steelhead Barged 17.3% (231) 14.8% (393) Fallback Not barged 7.9% (152) 9.3% (257) Chi-sq P 0.008 0.042 Fallback frequency Adult Escapement Sp-Su Chinook Steelhead Barged 2.95 1.84 Not barged 1.00 1.17 T-test P 0.009 0.012 UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  21. Synthesis Effects of juvenile transport from the Snake River on adult survival, 2000-2002 Juvenile Flow Transport Unaccounted for (%) Sp-Su Chinook Steelhead Barged 14.7% (197) 16.1% (267) Fallback Not barged 6.2% (130) 8.4% (214) Chi-sq P 0.017 0.012 * Harvested fish and strays excluded Adult Escapement Barged 18.0% (205) 22.0% (287) Not barged 6.9% (131) 8.4% (222) Chi-sq P 0.004 0.003 * Harvest excluded, strays = unsuccessful UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  22. Synthesis Known-source steelhead survival based on mainstem temperature exposure (≥ 21° C) Juvenile Flow Transport Fallback * ** ** ** Adult Escapement ** (temporary) Temperature chi-sq P values: * < 0.05, ** < 0.005 UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  23. Synthesis Temperature and permanent straying: Juvenile Flow Transport Steelhead Fallback Adult Escapement ** ** * ** Temperature chi-sq P values: * < 0.05, ** < 0.005 Straying UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  24. Synthesis Effects of juvenile transport from the Snake River on adult straying, 2000-2002 Juvenile Flow Transport Permanently strayed (%) Sp-Su Chinook Steelhead Barged 3.6% (8/222) 7.0% (20/287) Fallback Not barged 0.8% (1/131) 3.9% (8/205) Chi-sq P 0.102 0.148 * Harvested fish excluded Adult Escapement Temperature Straying UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  25. Synthesis - Hydrosystem Relationship between fallback and known-source adult straying, 2000-2003 Juvenile Flow Transport Fallback (%) Sp-Su Chinook Steelhead Strayed 31.4% (35) 18.8% (96) Fallback Did not stray 10.1% (1,414) 15.5% (1,165) Chi-sq P < 0.001 0.406 * Harvested fish excluded Adult Escapement Temperature Straying UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  26. Results: Chinook escapement upstream from FCRPS 2000 2001 2002 2003 Total n 233 490 309 1,383 351 1.4% Snake > LGr pool Escaped LGr pool 98.3% 99.4% 99.4% 99.2% 99.4% Escaped Snake R. 97.9% 96.7% 96.1% 97.3% 98.9% 0.8% LGr pool or ds 0.4% harvest Clearwater L. Granite IH Salmon G. Ronde Imnaha Univ. Idaho UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  27. Hatchery/weir Harvest Telemetry Results: Clearwater (all years) Total n = 323 NF CWR Lochsa Dworshak Mainstem ds SF CWR KFH Mainstem Selway SF CWR Other Clearwater • Harvest = 86 (27%) Maximum Escapement = 73% • Hatchery/Weir = 76 (34%) - Reported harvest = unsuccessful • Secondary tributaries = 101 (31%) Escapement to tributaries = 54% • Mainstem ds SF CWR = 47 (15%) - Harvest + Mainstem = unsuccessful • Mainstem us SF CWR = 13 (4%) UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  28. Hatchery/weir Harvest Telemetry Results: Salmon River (all years) Total n = 850 •Harvest = 203 (24%) Mainstem ds NF Other NF Salmon • Hatchery/Weir = 150 (18%) • Tributaries = 375 (44%) •Mainstem ds NF = 82 (10%) Rapid Little Salmon MF Salmon Mainstem •Mainstem us NF = 40 (5%) Lemhi Maximum Escapement = 76% - Reported harvest = unsuccessful SF Salmon Escapement to tributaries = 61% Sawtooth - Harvest + Mainstem = unsuccessful Pahsimeroi EF Salmon UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  29. Results: Steelhead escapement Granite pool 93.9% Snake 79.9% C&R 64.7% Tributary harvest 62.0% UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  30. UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  31. 2000 Sockeye salmon at Lower Granite Dam UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  32. UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  33. Sockeye survival vs. date UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  34. Sockeye survival vs. temperature UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  35. UI FERL www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl/

  36. Fall Chinook salmon embryo survival vs. adult female temperature exposure in L. Snake River

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