Operation Joint Endeavor

1. Operation Joint Endeavor By CPT Robert L. Crabtree and CPT Jeffrey S. Fehmi Unclassified

2. References • CALL Newsletter 97-1 Operation Joint Endeavor • http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~bosnia/us/us.html • Other web resources Unclassified

3. Outline • Introduction - CPT Crabtree • History - CPT Crabtree • Dissemination of Lessons Learned - CPT Fehmi • Tactics Techniques and Procedures - CPT Fehmi • Summary - CPT Fehmi • Questions - CPT Crabtree and CPT Fehmi • Conclusions Unclassified

4. History Military Operations Other Than War Operation Joint Endeavor CPT Crabtree Unclassified

5. Background IFOR Mission IFOR Accomplishments From IFOR to SFOR Participation Civilian Aspect Task Force Eagle Multinational Division (North) Mission Changes of Command Summary History Outline Unclassified

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10. Background(1 of 2) • On 14 December 1995 the Bosnia Peace Agreement was signed in Paris, after it had been negotiated in Dayton, Ohio, ending the four year Balkan conflict. • On 16 December the Alliance's North Atlantic Council launched the largest military operation ever undertaken by the Alliance, Operation Joint Endeavor. Unclassified

11. Background(2 of 2) • Based on UN Security Council Resolution 1031, NATO was given the mandate to implement the military aspects of the Peace Agreement. • A NATO-led multinational force, called the implementation force (IFOR), started its mission on 20 December 1995. • IFOR was given a one year mandate. Unclassified

12. IFOR Mission • Maintaining the cessation of hostilities. • Separating the armed forces of the Bosnian-Croat Entity (the Federation) and the Bosnian Serb Entity (the Republika Srpska) by mid-January 1996. • Transferring areas between the two Entities by mid March. • Moving the Parties' forces and heavy weapons into approved sites, which was realized by the end of June. Unclassified

13. IFOR Accomplishments • In the remainder of the year IFOR continued to patrol along the 1,400 km long demilitarized inter-entity boundary line. • Regularly inspected over 800 sites containing heavy weapons and other equipment. • In carrying out these tasks it opened 2,500 km of roads, repaired or replaced over 60 bridges, and freed up Sarajevo airport and important railway lines. Unclassified

14. From IFOR to SFOR • In November and December 1996, NATO Foreign Ministers agreed to reduce the military presence and implemented a Stabilization Force on 20 December 1996. Unclassified

15. From IFOR to SFOR • The role of IFOR (Operation Joint Endeavor) was to implement the peace. • The role of SFOR (Operation Joint Guard) is to stabilize the peace. • The difference between the tasks of IFOR and SFOR is reflected in the name of their missions. Unclassified

16. SFOR Mission The primary mission of SFOR is to contribute to the secure environment necessary for the consolidation of peace. Unclassified

17. SFOR's Role and Mandate • Its specific tasks are: • To deter or prevent a resumption of hostilities or new threats to peace. • To consolidate IFOR's achievements and promote a climate in which the peace process can continue to move forward. • To provide selective support to civilian organizations within its capabilities. Unclassified

18. Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Turkey USA Participation(1 of 2) Approximately 32,000 troops from 19 NATO Nations: Unclassified

19. Albania Austria Austria Argentina Bulgaria Estonia Finland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Morocco Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Ukraine Participation(1 of 2) 16 Non- NATO nations: Unclassified

20. Civilian Aspects • For lasting peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina, full implementation of the civilian aspects of the Peace Agreement is crucial. • By continuing the implementation of the military aspects of the Dayton Agreement, NATO is helping to ensure a secure environment conducive to civil and political reconstruction. Unclassified

21. "The patriot volunteer, fighting for his country and his rights, makes the most reliable soldier on earth. -- Thomas J. 'Stonewall' Jackson ." Unclassified

22. Task Force Eagle • Task force Eagle, comprised of 20,000 American soldiers, is implementing the military elements of the Dayton peace accords in support of Operation Joint Endeavor. Unclassified

23. Task Force Eagle • The United States 1st Armored Division, as part of NATO's Allied Command Europe, Rapid Reaction Corps, was ordered to Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of Operation Joint Endeavor. • Task Force Eagle was formed and assumed control of its area of responsibility on December 20, 1995. Unclassified

24. Multinational Division (North) (MND(N)) • After the historic bridging of the Sava river on December 31, 1995, the Old Ironsides Division, with supporting Forces from the Fifth U.S. Corps, was joined by Nordic-Polish, Turkish and Russian Brigades - in total: 12 Nations. Unclassified

25. Estonia Latvia Finland Poland Denmark Lithuania Norway Iceland Sweden Russia Turkey United States Multinational Division (North) (MND(N)) These nations include: Unclassified

26. Mission • Task Force Eagle enforced the cease fire, supervised the marking of boundaries and the zone of separation between the former warring factions, enforced the withdrawal of the combatants to their barracks and the movement of heavy weapons to designated storage sites. Unclassified

27. Mission • Task Force Eagle also supported the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe's efforts to administer the country's first ever, democratic national elections. Unclassified

28. Changes of Command • 1st Infantry Division – 10 November 1996. • Stabilization Force (SFOR). • Operation Joint Guard. • 1st Armored Division – 22 Oct 97. • 1st Cavalry Division – 20 June, 1998. • Operation Joint Guard ended. • Operation Joint Forge. Unclassified

29. Changes of Command 10th Mountain Division – 4 August 1999. 49th Armored Division – 7 March 2000. Unclassified

30. Changes of Command • No timeline for the duration of Operation Joint Forge has been established. The mission will be assessed periodically and the force commitment will be adjusted, as circumstances require. Unclassified

31. History Summary • This operation marked the first commitment of forces in NATO's history as well as the first time since World War II that American and Russian soldiers have shared a common mission. • Today, thousands of people are alive in Bosnia because of these soldiers' service. Unclassified

32. Outline • Introduction - CPT Crabtree • History - CPT Crabtree • Dissemination of Lessons Learned - CPT Fehmi • Tactics Techniques and Procedures - CPT Fehmi • Summary - CPT Fehmi • Questions - CPT Crabtree and CPT Fehmi • Conclusions Unclassified

33. Dissemination of Lessons Learned Military Operations Other Than War Operation Joint Endeavor CPT Fehmi Unclassified

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35. Embrace the lesson process • AAR every operation • Document tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP) • Submit best • Disseminate every 72 hours “latest lesson” • Include joint services Unclassified

36. Outline • Introduction - CPT Crabtree • History - CPT Crabtree • Dissemination of Lessons Learned - CPT Fehmi • Tactics Techniques and Procedures - CPT Fehmi • Summary - CPT Fehmi • Questions - CPT Crabtree and CPT Fehmi • Conclusions Unclassified

37. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP) Military Operations Other Than War Operation Joint Endeavor CPT Fehmi Unclassified

38. TTP Outline • Mines and Booby traps • Operations security and tactics • Safety • Maintenance • Summary of Tactics, Techniques and Procedures Unclassified

39. How to avoid mines and booby traps? • Ensure known obstacles are disseminated to lowest levels • Use plugger • Good land navigation • Avoid unimproved roads • Avoid roads the locals don’t use • Avoid narrow or constricted roads • Stay in the center of the roadway • Avoid structures not in use Unclassified

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44. Booby Traps • The use of booby traps is limited only by the imagination • Usually explosive • Unsuspecting person + harmless object or safe act. • Kill or incapacitate. • Unexpected, random casualties and damage. • Create uncertainty and suspicion lowering morale and inducing caution that restricts or slows movement. Unclassified

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46. What should you do if you find a mine or booby trap? • ID from a distance • Don’t touch • Mark it and move away • Call EOD • Call EOD • Call EOD Unclassified

47. What to do if you are hit by a mine? • Stay in vehicle • Bring food and water for overnight stay • Stay in contact • Keep convoy together • If you have to evacuate, walk back in the tracks • Pre-attach cables Unclassified

48. Operations Security and Tactics • Understand actions on contact • Follow convoy procedures - take towbar. • Keep your eyes open and report • Predict civilian problems • Arrange medical assets on-site • Deter crime and document civilian activities • Coordinate everything Unclassified

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50. Safety • Tent fires • Convoy risks to children • Don’t give away combat rations • Winter driving • Wind storms • Accidental discharges Unclassified