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LESSON 2: CHARACTERISTICS AND QUANTITY OF MSW

LESSON 2: CHARACTERISTICS AND QUANTITY OF MSW. Goals. Determine why quantification is important Understand the methodology used to quantify MSW Become aware of differences among global production rates Understand factors affecting waste generation rates

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LESSON 2: CHARACTERISTICS AND QUANTITY OF MSW

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  1. LESSON 2: CHARACTERISTICS AND QUANTITY OF MSW

  2. Goals • Determine why quantification is important • Understand the methodology used to quantify MSW • Become aware of differences among global production rates • Understand factors affecting waste generation rates • Become familiar with per capita generation rates

  3. Goals, Cont’d • Explain why it is important to characterize MSW. • Become familiar with MSW descriptors. • Understand the methods used to characterize MSW • Describe the physical, chemical, and biological properties associated with MSW. • Perform calculations using waste composition and properties.

  4. MSW Household hazardous wastes Municipal sludge Non-hazardous industrial wastes Combustion ash SQG hazardous waste Construction and Demolition debris Agricultural wastes Oil and gas wastes Mining wastes RCRA Subtitle D Wastes

  5. MSW - RCRA Definition • Durable goods • Non-durable goods • Containers/Packaging • Food wastes • Yard wastes • Miscellaneous inorganics

  6. MSW - Textbook Definition • Mixed household waste • recyclables • household hazardous waste • commercial waste • yard waste • litter • bulky items • construction & demolitions waste

  7. What are the sources of RCRA Subtitle-D Wastes? • Residential • Commercial • Institutional • Industrial • Agricultural • Treatment Plants • Open Areas (streets, parks, etc.)

  8. What is the Nature of RCRA Subtitle-D Wastes? • Organic • Inorganic • Putrescible • Combustible • Recyclable • Hazardous • Infectious

  9. Terminology Generated Waste = Disposed (Collected) Waste + Diverted Waste

  10. Importance of Generation Rates • Compliance with Federal/state diversion requirements • Equipment selection, • Collection and management decisions • Facilities design

  11. Florida MSW Per Capita Generation Rate

  12. Landfills Recycle Incineration

  13. Source reduction/recycling Geographic location Season Home food waste grinders Collection Frequency GNP trend Population increase Legislation Public attitudes Per capita income Size of households Population density Pay As You Throw Programs Factors affecting generation Rates

  14. Waste Composition Studies

  15. Methodology Development • Study Planning • Sample Plan • Sampling Procedure • Data Interpretation

  16. Sample Plan • Load Selection • Number of Samples

  17. Sampling Procedure • Vehicle Unloading • Sample Selection and Retrieval • Container Preparation • Sample Placement • Sorting

  18. Waste contents are unloaded for sorting

  19. Appropriate mass of material is selected randomly

  20. Each load is separated manually by component example - Wood, concrete, plastic, metal, etc.

  21. Each component is weighed and weights recorded

  22. Components are separated

  23. Data Interpretation • Weighted Average based on Generator Source Composition/Distribution • Contamination Adjustment

  24. Specific Weight • Values - 600-900 lb/yd3 as delivered • Function of location, season, storage time, equipment used, processing (compaction, shredding, etc.)

  25. Moisture content (MC) • Weight or volume based • Weight: wt. of water/sample wt. • MCwet= water/(water+solids) • MCdry= water/solids • Volume: vol. of water/sample volume

  26. Chemical Composition • Used primarily for combustion and waste to energy (WTE) calculations but can also be used to estimate biological and chemical behaviors • Waste consists of combustible (i.e. paper) and non-combustible materials (i.e. glass)

  27. Proximate Analysis • Loss of moisture (temp held at 105 C) • Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950 C, closed crucible) • Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM) • Ash (temp = 950 C, open crucible)

  28. Ultimate Analysis • Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, P, etc.) • Table in notes

  29. Typical Data on the Ultimate Analysis - Example • Food Wastes • Carbon: 48% • Hydrogen: 6.5% • Oxygen: 37.6% • Nitrogen: 2.6% • Sulfur: 0.4% • Ash: 5%

  30. Energy Content • Models are derived from physical composition and from ultimate analysis • Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters • Individual waste component energy contents

  31. Empirical Equations • Modified Dulong formula (wet basis): BTU/lb = 145C +610(H2-02/8)+40S + 10N • Model based on proximate analysis Kcal/kg = 45B - 6W B = Combustible volatile matter in MSW (%) W = Water, percent weight on dry basis

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