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Quiz #1, Part 1 results

Quiz #1, Part 1 results. (You can see the statistics yourself in “My Grades”). Quizzes, Part 2. Marking rubric posted, with examples from student answers to the Practice Quiz, Part 2 (VISTA homepage  Quizzes link on homepage  Rubric...).

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Quiz #1, Part 1 results

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  1. Quiz #1, Part 1 results (You can see the statistics yourself in “My Grades”)

  2. Quizzes, Part 2 Marking rubric posted, with examples from student answers to the Practice Quiz, Part 2(VISTA homepage  Quizzes link on homepage  Rubric...)

  3. Hydrosphere II: Surface ocean circulation w/continents Goals for Today • PREDICT whether upwelling or downwelling will occur along a coastline, given surface wind direction • PREDICT the direction of wind-driven surface ocean currents anywhere on Earth with any continental configuration. • LIST differences between western and eastern boundary currents in subtropical gyres

  4. RELEVANCE Fisheries Heat transport Digital Vision Trans-portation Christopher Duncklee

  5. Surface Ocean Currents Marshak, Figure 18.10

  6. Clicker question: The wind often blows from south to north along the coastline of Peru. Toward what direction is the Ekman transport? A. Generally northward B. Generally southward C. Generally toward the shoreD. Generally away from shoreE. There is no Ekman transport because of the presence of a continent. 12°S Peru WIND

  7. Wind, Ekman transport, geostrophic flow, and coastal upwelling: Geostrophicflow Peru Lower Ekmantransport Higher WIND

  8. Along shorelines: Southern hemisphere upwelling Upwelling of deeper water http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/eln/upw.rxml

  9. Along shorelines: Northern hemisphere upwelling

  10. Coastal upwelling Along shorelines: Sea surfacetemperature, South Africa Blue = cold Red = warm

  11. Coastal upwelling Along shorelines: Chlorophyll, South Africa Red = more chlorophyll Blue = less chlorophyll

  12. Clicker question: This image shows chlorophyll concentration in the ocean off the Arabian peninsula in a particular season in a particular year. This pattern is related to monsoon circulation in India. WHAT SEASON IS IT IN THIS IMAGE? A. Summer monsoonB. Winter monsoonC. In between summer & winterD. There’s not enough information given Peru Red – highBlue - low

  13. In the open ocean: Equatorial upwelling Sea Surface Temperature TAO Project Office/PMEL/NOAA

  14. Equatorial upwelling In the open ocean: Chlorophyll-ain surface water Convergence Blue = LowGreen/yellow = High Divergence Convergence

  15. Surface Ocean Currents Equatorial currents ERROR ALERT! The Equatorial Counter Current should be NORTH of the equator!

  16. Intertropical Convergence Zone (thermal equator) NE Trades Light wind! Rising air! ITCZ Geographic equator SE Trades SouthAmerica Which direction is the Ekman transport? NOAA

  17. Intertropical Convergence Zone (thermal equator) NE Trades Light wind! SE Trades Ekman transport Where are the convergences and divergences? NOAA

  18. Equatorial dynamic topography Convergence at ~30ºN Divergence at ~10ºN Light wind! Convergence at ~4ºN Divergence at 0º Convergence at ~30ºS Where are the hills and valleys? NOAA

  19. Clicker Question: Toward what direction does the geostrophic current flow under the ITCZ (between about 4°N and 10°N)? High ~30ºN • To the west  • To the east  • To the NE • To the NW • There’s no geostrophic current there Low ~10ºN High ~4ºN Low 0º High ~30ºS NOAA

  20. Follow-up Clicker Question: Toward what direction does the geostrophic current flow between about 0°N and 4°N? High ~30ºN • To the west  • To the east  • To the NE • To the NW • There’s no geostrophic current there Low ~10ºN High ~4ºN Low 0º High ~30ºS NOAA

  21. Equatorial dynamic topography High ~30ºN Low ~10ºN Light wind! High ~4ºN Low 0º High ~30ºS Which direction are the geostrophic currents? NOAA

  22. Equatorial geostrophic currents North Equatorial Current North Equatorial Counter Current South Equatorial Current NOAA

  23. JULY Circular wind patterns

  24. Ekman transport under the Bermuda High

  25. Geostrophic flow around a SUBTROPICAL GYRE Coriolis force Geostrophic Flow Horizontal pressure gradient force

  26. Sea surface height:North Atlantic subtropical gyre -80 cm 0 cm 70 cm (Mercier and Le Traon) Red = High, Blue = low

  27. H Asymmetrical ocean gyres (N. Hem.) Western intensification H Symmetric (atmospheric winds) Asymmetric (ocean gyres)

  28. Steepness of mound sets flow speed ~150 cm/s ~10 cm/s 1000 – 2000 m

  29. Global dynamic topography

  30. Surface Ocean Currents Warm and cold currents

  31. Global Sea Surface Temperature

  32. Global Surface Air Temperature, July 2003

  33. Summary: Surface Ocean Circulation • All major ocean currents are geostrophic, responding to pressure gradients that are set up by Ekman transport, which is driven by the wind. • Upwelling & downwelling, coastal or open ocean • Complex equatorial currents, due to continents • Subtropical gyres: Warm western boundary currents flow poleward; Cool eastern boundary currents flow equatorward. • You can apply the same principles to any situation, along a coastline or in the open ocean, to deduce the direction and strength of ocean currents. Relevance: food, heat, transportation

  34. In preparation for next lecture… So far, we have considered only the circulation near the surface of the ocean. The deep ocean also moves. What’s the major driver of deep ocean circulation?

  35. Extra, unused slides below this one

  36. Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring

  37. Gulf Stream Ring formation Warm rings north intocolder water Cold rings south intowarmer water

  38. G3

  39. Sea surface temperature (SST) February

  40. Surface Air Temperature, January 2003

  41. Sea surface Temperature (SST) August

  42. Winds Drive Surface Currents Currents are Moving Ocean water…

  43. Effect of Coriolis on surface ocean circulation

  44. convergence convergence Ekman Transport 90o to wind direction

  45. Another Look at Convergence

  46. High phytoplanktonconcentration at equator purple = low chlorophyll-a light blue = higher chlorophyll-a

  47. Cool SST animations athttp://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a003300/a003389/index.html

  48. Along shorelines: Northern hemisphere upwelling http://oceanmotion.org/html/background/upwelling-and-downwelling.htm

  49. Along shorelines: WIND Ekmantransport Lower Higher California Geostrophicflow

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