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Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Diseases

Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Diseases. Milton Friend Emeritus Scientist. U.S. Department of Interior U.S. Geological Survey. “During the last 150 years the Western world has virtually eliminated death due to infectious disease.”. (U.S. Surgeon General, 1975).

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Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Diseases

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  1. Emergence and Reemergence of Infectious Diseases Milton Friend Emeritus Scientist U.S. Department of Interior U.S. Geological Survey

  2. “During the last 150 years the Western world has virtually eliminated death due to infectious disease.” (U.S. Surgeon General, 1975)

  3. “…it is time to ‘close the book on infectious diseases’.” (U.S. Surgeon General, 1967)

  4. Time Magazine

  5. U.S. AIDS-related mortalities (CDC data through 2001) 467,910 Number of People Worldwide with HIV/AIDS in 2002 Men 38.8 million Women 19.6 million Children <15 yrs 3.2 million Total 42.0 million

  6. expanded distribution ‘resurgence’ exotic diseases novel diseases Disease Emergence multi-pronged assault on humans by infectious disease

  7. Zoonoses = “diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.” (World Health Organization, 1959)

  8. Notable Emerging Diseases with Wildlife Origins

  9. Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife Birds Mammals – terrestrial and marine Reptiles and Amphibians Fish – shellfish and finfish Corals n=~190

  10. West Nile Virus – Surveillance Activities

  11. West Nile Virus – Necropsy Activities

  12. 2000 West Nile Virus Outbreak Timeline First Positive Mosquitoes Onset of First Horse Case Onset of First Human Case First Positive Sentinel Chicken First Positive Wild Bird May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

  13. West Nile Virus – Mapping Human Cases Wild Bird Surveillance

  14. A Potential Wildlife Disease Surveillance Network

  15. Specimens Submitted to NWHC (n=74,913) Dept. of Interior States University Others Other Federal

  16. Emerging Diseases Identified by NWHC Inclusion Body Disease Nestling Herpesvirus 1970s Lake Andes Duck Plague Poxvirus Mycotoxin Trichothecine Hepatopathy (Mycotoxin?) 1980s Eastern Equine Encephalitis Pentobarbitol Poisoning Woodcock Reovirus

  17. Emerging Diseases Identified by NWHC Stunting, Humpback Chub Chytrid Fungus/ Ranavirus Sea Otter Encephalitis Avian Myelinopathy 1990s Hawaii Disease Biocomplexity Newcastle Disease Hepatopathy in Wisconsin Sea Turtle Retrovirus L. polyoon Enteritis Splenitis, Hepatitis in Brant Poisoning in Asian Vultures 2000s ??? Coral Coccidiosis, Tumors Rainbow Trout Enteritis LT Duck Adenovirus

  18. 1.9% (1.4-2.5%) n = 2602 6.7% (5.7-7.9%) n = 1994 0% (0-0.5%) n = 624 Model Disease Distribution in Wisconsin’s Eradication Zone 0.2% (0.04-4.0%) n = 2393 Deer Processing Station

  19. Specialized Biocontainment Facilities

  20. Infectious Disease Investigations

  21. Rabies

  22. Translocation Encroachment Introduction “Spill over” & “Spill back” Human encroachment Ex situ contact Ecological manipulation Human behaviors Wildlife Domestic Animal Human Global travel Urbanization Biomedical manipulation Agricultural Intensification Food processing/distribution Technology and Industry

  23. Economic and Social Impacts Economic and Social Impacts $ Tourism Commerce SARS has cost an estimated $50 – $100 billion $ Human Health $ $ $ Recreation Agriculture

  24. Components Required to Adequately Address Wildlife Disease

  25. Status of Knowledge for Disease Prevention and Control * for established diseases

  26. Tribal Governments Department of Interior Non-Governmental Organizations State Wildlife Agencies General Public Other Federal Agencies Stewardship Network

  27. Foundation for an Effective Wildlife Disease Capability Rapid, accurate diagnosis Timely Response Operational Resources $$$ Early Detection Scientific Knowledge

  28. “...emerging zoonotic diseases are among the most important public health threats facing humanity.” (Mahy and Brown, 2000)

  29. “Pathogens that infect wildlife are twice as likely to become emerging diseases of humans as pathogens without wildlife hosts.” (Cleaveland et al., 2001)

  30. Diseases in wildlife are often transmitted to humans • Wildlife disease surveillance and monitoring are weak links in the protection of human health • Wildlife are important to the national economy and natural heritage and can be impacted by disease • USGS has increasingly been called upon to respond with its wildlife disease expertise to help combat emerging infectious diseases of humans, such as WNV and monkeypox. • USGS is well positioned to develop the type of wildlife disease program needed to best serve wildlife and human health

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